Efficiency of Air Purifiers 
Infectious diseases caused by airborne bacteria and viruses are a major problem for both social and economic reasons. The significance of this phenomenon is particularly noticeable during the time of the coronavirus pandemic. One of the consequences is the increased interest in the air purifier (AP) market, which resulted in a significant increase in sales of these devices. In this study, we tested the efficiency of APs in removing bacterial air contamination in the educational context in the Upper Silesia region of Poland during the “cold season” of 2018/2019. During the 6 months of measuring microbiological air quality, an 18% decrease in the concentration of microbiological pollutants as a result of the action of the APs was recorded. Additionally, the results of the particle size distribution of the bacterial aerosols showed a reduction in the share of the respirable fraction (particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 3.3 µm) by an average of 20%. The dominance of gram-positive cocci in the indoor environment indicates that humans are the main source of most of the bacteria present in the building. We conclude that the use of APs may significantly decrease the level of concentration of microbiological air pollutants and reduce the negative health effects of indoor bioaerosols; however, further work that documents this phenomenon is needed.

There is also limited evidence that these decreases result in improved cardiorespiratory health (Fisk, 2013; Morishita et al., 2015). APs usage has been associated with decreased blood pressure, reduced oxidative stress, reduced systemic inflammation, and enhanced lung function in a number of studies (Kelly and Fussell, 2019).

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a significant focus on indoor disinfection and air purification options. The most frequent applications are the local control of the source of pollution, disinfection of rooms and surfaces, and ventilation. The use of APs can be considered an additional complementary and preventive action in the spread of biological contamination. Adequate IAQ can be achieved mainly by reducing and constantly controlling the concentrations of harmful microorganisms in the air.

The limited data on IAQ in Polish educational institutions and the lack of generalized standards for bioaerosol levels are the reason why the presented studies can increase awareness and focus more attention on IAQ issues.

According to the Air Quality in Europe 2020 report published by the European Environment Agency (EEA), Poland has the European Union’s most polluted air. The report found that the concentration of both PM10 and PM2.5—two types of harmful airborne participate matter—was higher in Poland than in any other European Union (EU) country. The collected data can be used to assess the exposure of children and kindergarten staff in southern Silesia, which is one of the most polluted areas in the EU. The specific aims include (i) the evaluation of the impact of APs on the microbial IAQ, (ii) investigation of the concentration levels of culturable bacteria, (iii) determination of the size distributions with particular attention to the respirable fraction of bacterial aerosols, and (iv) examination of the bacterial community structure.

Materials and Methods
Sampling Sites
The study was carried out in a kindergarten located in Gliwice (50.324,666 N, 18.711,405 E). Gliwice is a typical example of a city located in the industrial region of Upper Silesia, Poland, with 178.186 thousand occupants. The surrounding area of the measurement point is characterized by compact building development. Buildings, roads, asphalt, etc., cover most of the surfaces in this part of the city. More detailed information about the main characteristics of the studied kindergarten in Gliwice is provided in Table 1.

Air sampling was conducted during the “cold season,” from September 2018 to February 2019. The sampling was performed two times each week, with one sample taken outside the building and two indoors, one when the APs were turned off and the other after 60 min from turning the APs on (Table 2). Two sets of measurements were performed with the APs turned on. Samples were collected between 10:00 and 12:00 local time, in order to check the efficiency of the tested device. The kindergarten had natural ventilation and was insulated and windows were kept closed during the sampling.

Epidemiologic studies indicate that indoor air pollution is correlated with morbidity caused by allergic diseases. We evaluated the effectiveness of reducing the levels of indoor fine particulate matter <2.5 micrometer diameter (PM2.5) in Fresno, California using air purifiers on health outcomes in children with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Methods: The active group (with air purifiers) and the control group consisted of eight houses each. Air purifiers were installed in the living rooms and bedrooms of the subjects in the active group during the entire 12-week study duration. Childhood asthma control test, peak flow rate monitoring, and nasal symptom scores were evaluated at weeks 0, 6, and 12. Results: At 12 weeks, the active group showed a trend toward an improvement of childhood asthma control test scores and mean evening peak flow rates, whereas the control group showed deterioration in the same measures. Total and daytime nasal symptoms scores significantly reduced in the active group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations reduced by 43% (7.42 to 4.28 μg/m3) in the active group (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Intervention with electrostatic precipitator air purifier reduces indoor PM2.5 levels with significant improvements in nasal symptoms in children with allergic rhinitis in Fresno.

The current health situation, consequent to the Covid-19 pandemic in the world, has brought air purifiers to the forefront. NatéoSanté, specialising in indoor air quality since 2009, has extensive experience of and insight into these devices’ evolution. Reinforcing the fight against the coronavirus, especially in hospitals, schools or companies, our EOLIS Air Manager models are at the forefront of innovation and technology. Their function: to filter and purify the air. Here is a general presentation of these devices and focus on the particularities of the brand.

An indoor air purifier ensures the filtration of air within an enclosed/closed place, which is processed then released as purified air. It operates as a complement to natural ventilation where it is possible to open windows.

It is vital to distinguish a professional model from a consumer device: they do not both guarantee identical air treatment or comparable overall performance.

A professional air purifier, equipped with a HEPA 13 or 14 filter, will operate effectively on pollens, fine particles PM2.5 and PM10, VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), viruses and bacteria.

Finally, the device’s benign operation is key: that is to say the ozone generator air purifier itself does not generate any secondary pollutants.

This official position on air purifiers has evolved since the spring of 2020. Previously, a negative opinion from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) was the accepted reference viewpoint. In November 2020, a publication of the INRS (National Institute for Research and Safety) and then in May 2021, a second contribution from the HCSP (High Council for Public Health) set the standard: only equipment with a high efficiency filter against airborne particles were considered effective. Remember that in the case of Covid-19, they play a role in the fight against possible aerosol transmission, in addition to barrier gestures, wearing masks … This is particularly important in enclosed places lacking ventilation. They can be combined with a CO2 sensor which acts as a containment measure and will warn an area’s occupants when the 0.08% threshold limit is exceeded (see the HCSP recommendations on this topic).

What are the objectives of an air purifier?
To limit the diffusion of harmful residues, allergens or even viral elements; prevent asthma or allergy problems linked to poor indoor air quality to people at risk (children, elderly or sensitive people).

An air purifier, not to be confused with an air ioniser or air humidifier, can be used as a preventative and/or therapeutic measure: at home, in enclosed offices, open spaces or coworking sites, shops, hairdressing salons, hotels or restaurants, medical and paramedical offices… By extension, as Covid-19 is obliging us, it is assuming an expanding rôle in schools, hospitals, medical and paramedical sectors, services…

It concerns people and\or companies wanting, through preventative measures, to protect their health and\or that of their group or employees. In the latter case, for example, in the case of an activity’s resumption or continuation. The indoor air purifier is, in this sense, in alignment with current air quality health and social issues. This is both with regard to fine particle pollution PM2.5 and the risks related to viral propagation by air or aerosol(s).

A purifier filters indoor air and purifies it thereby removing various sources of pollution and pollutants.

This air purification goes through several stages. First of all, the purifier sucks in ambient air present in the room in order to capture particles. The air then passes through various filters that further permit the retention of different types of pollutants present in the air.

Dependent on your air purifier’s performance, it will be able to treat different air volumes related to room size (bedroom, living room, dining room), offices, shared spaces, open spaces…

For optimal performance, it is essential to install one portable uvc air purifier per room: we are always speaking in terms of partitioned areas.

What are the targets of an air purifier’s pre-filter?
The pre-filter captures macro-particles such as large dust particles, animal hair, etc. Placed directly between the device’s hood and the other filters, it is the initial filtration system: operating as soon as air enters the unit. This filter, which is generally washable, extends the life of the other filters by filtering macro-particles upstream.

Is the medical grade HEPA filter effective against viruses?
The HEPA filter of a professional air purifier like EOLIS Air Manager can retain more than 99% of particles larger than 0.3 µm. This filter is of medical quality. It is also called an absolute filter.

It is composed of a layer of very fine fibre. It permits, thanks to its tight weave, the retention of dust mites, pollens, moulds, fungi, pesticides, bacteria, viruses, fine dust, animal hair, or even diesel particles.

The activated carbon filter is primarily used for the elimination of bad odours present in a room. It is a filter containing activated carbon beads which filter and eliminate toxic gases such as benzene, hydrogen sulphide, formaldehyde, ammonia vapours, bleach, bad odours… Activated carbon filters, used by NatéoSanté for its wall mounted uv air purifier, also make it possible to eliminate excessive ozone present in your room’s environment.

How does oxidation/UV-C air filtration work?
Polluting particles are absorbed thanks to an oxidation and reduction reaction between the catalyst and UV-C radiation. This process converts the VOCs into H2O and CO2. This is a switchable On\Off function on our models.

What is the purpose of the Active Oxygen Generator?
The active oxygen function treats indoor air thoroughly. This function, to be activated when you are not present in the room or at your workplace, eliminates deep-seated odours (sheets, textiles, carpets) and also treats the space against mites and mould. This feature is available as an option on the EOLIS Air Manager professional indoor air purifier. It is also On\Off switchable on our various models.

Useful Refrigerator Parts and Accessories
Go to the grocery store. Pay the bills. Make dinner. Pack lunch. As you busily go about your day and check things off your to-do list, you probably give little thought to your . But maybe you should. With advancements in technology, there are parts and refrigerator accessories for your fridge that can make the rest of your daily chores a little easier. Want to cut down on your  bill? Curious about how you can make your groceries and produce last longer? Need just a little more organization in your life? If so, these five fridge accessories might be just what you're looking for.

Eating fresh fruits and  is great for your health, but can be hard on your wallet, especially if you find yourself spending money on produce, only to throw it away when you find it brown and spoiled in your fridge. But that's when our next refrigerator accessory can help -- it's a crisper liner for your refrigerator's produce drawer. Not only does it reduce moisture to help your fruits and veggies last longer, it also provides a soft, cushiony surface that helps prevents bruising. Some are even made to resist to odor and mold as well, so your refrigerator will stay smelling fresh, too.

Soda, water, juice,  -- are beverages taking over your ? If so, you might want to invest in a beverage dispenser. These handy, compact refrigerator control board stack your drinks neatly, hold them in place and dole them out one at a time. Many are designed with a flat top, so you can stack other groceries on top. While can dispensers are probably the most popular variety, there are also ones designed to hold bottles, as well.

And if you frequent tailgate parties, there's even on designed to be used as a tote. Not only does this version fit snuggly in your fridge, it also sports a handle for easy carrying to your next tailgate or picnic. And they're available in large and small sizes to fit your household's needs.

Who hasn't gone to rummage through their  only to find the door already open, and for who knows how long? Leaving the fridge door open too long can let out all of the cold air, which can spoil your food and add to your .

But not if you have a refrigerator alarm. This helpful device will alert you if you leave your refrigerator door open for too long by mistake. Most alarms even allow you to set the specific amount of time that passes before the alarm sounds. So if you like to take your time browsing the contents of your fridge, no problem. You can still do so in peace without worrying about the constant beeping of the alarm. You can just set it to alert you if the door stays open for a longer amount of time.

 is getting a bad rap these days, but maybe for good reason. Not only does it add 1.5 million tons of waste to landfills each year, it's also expensive. If you want to help the environment and your wallet, consider installing a refrigerator . For a fraction of the cost you would spend on bottled water for a year, you can get clean, filtered water right out of your fridge.

For about $30, you can buy a simple system that you can easily install yourself. And, since it's installed at the refrigerator's water line, it filters drinking water, as well as the water used by your icemaker. Once it's in place, you just need to change the filter about every six months for clean, great tasting water and ice.

So now you've got nice , but what about your fridge's air? What's worse than having a tall glass of milk that tastes like last night's garlic chicken? If your refrigerator seems to hold on to food odors, forget about that box of . Instead, try installing an air filter. If you're willing to give up a little bit of precious space in your fridge, an air filter can keep those food odors at bay and have your fridge smelling clean for up to nine months. After that, simply change the filter for a new one for about $11.

For just a few extra dollars, in addition to eliminating pesky odors, some air filters will even help control your refrigerator's humidity, which can keep your food fresher longer.

Compressor is heart of the refrigerator and it is the washing machine spare parts which does the cooling by making changes in pressure. It runs by an electric motor and most of the electricity is consumed by the compressor. It is located back of the refrigerator. Without a compressor, refrigerant, condenser your refrigerator is just an almaara. So all manufactures give good warranty on compressor. While purchasing the refrigerator make sure you have many years of warranty on compressor.

It is the most coldest chamber of fridge. You can make ice in this chamber or you can keep frozen meat as well. Best place to keep the ice cream as well.

Digital display screen or Temperature Controller
Most of the high end especially side by side refrigerators comes with digital display screen, where you can digitally see the temperature and configure the temperature easily. LG 581 LTR GC-B207GLQV Side By Side Refrigerator is one of such very good example. In the low end models there won't be digital display screen to configure the temperature in that case those models comes with a temperature controllers knob to set the temperature. It is not accurate as digital but will do some level of decent job.
Refrigerator features and accessories
Refrigerator voltage stabilizer
Voltage stabilizer protects the refrigerator from voltage fluctuations. Say you have directly connected the refrigerator to the power input and in case of voltage fluctuations and power surges damages the electronic components of refrigerator. The solution is to connect the power input to stabilizer and output of stabilizer to the refrigerator. In this way stabilizer act as a hedge against the voltage fluctuations, protect the refrigerator and increase the lifetime of refrigerator. Before buying the refrigerator please see high end models provide in built stabilizer. The V-Guard VG 50 voltage stabilizer is the most popular one avilable in the market.
Refrigerator stand
Refrigerator stand makes the fridge elevated and makes you access the fridge easily. Apart from that being the fridge at height it is very easy to clean as well. Ergonomically well designed fridge makes your life better. Make sure the stand fits the measurements of existing refrigerator and can take the heavy load of your refrigerator weight. Few stand models have adjustable length and width to tackle measurement issues.
Refrigerator Deodorizer
Afraid to put non veg and vegetables in fridge because of smells. Have you faced situation where food smell attacks the room when you open fridge door. Refrigerator deodorizer is at your service to resolve the problem. Deodorizer absorbs the food smells and additionally controls the growth of bacteria. One quick home tip on absorbing smells -keep one slice of bread openly, it will absorb few smells of meat.
Air tight refrigerator boxes and bottles
Air tights boxes are great way to organize stuff in your refrigerator. Initially it is hailed as space optimizers and soon they are turned as food protectors from frostbites. Yes, when fruits and vegetables are exposed to direct cool air they get frostbites, kind of coldness marks that you can see. To avoid such issues even single door refrigerators comes with vegetables boxes and high end refrigerators comes with so many compartments to protect from frostbites. In case you have so much open space in the fridge this is the best way. Similar to boxes you can buy some bottles to keep the water cold. Most of themodels comes with bottle holders. Of Course high end models comes with water dispensers, but otherwise you can buy some fridge bottles to keep the water. Milano, Tupperware and Cello are few well known brands.
Ice trays
Basic single door refrigerator comes with couple of ice trays. High end refrigerators comes with ice dispensers. Say you have normal fridge and you have high requirements of ice then you can buy additional ice trays. Look for non breakable ice trays. Well designed ice trays take significantly less time to form the ice. Other spare parts are well know brands in ice tray manufacturing. Ice trays comes in many designs you can have fun choosing different style ice cubes.
Refrigerator magnets
Refrigerator magnets are decorative items to enrich your creativity and keep you memories. Say you have visited a tourist place like Simla you can buy refrigerator magnet showcasing Simla city and paste it on fridge door. It is magnet hence it directly sticks to fridge door and you can move around on the door easily. Not only that you can capture your special days like birthday and marriage anniversary and paste it on the door. There are many brands like Alchemy Chemicals, Alpha Industries, Barcelona, Bcreative, PosterGuy, meSleep, Thoughtroad, Marvel, Lion Souvenirs, Seven Rays. You can buy these fridge magnets online too. Not only that there are many online websites which sells such magnets exclusively like chumbak.com. There are many colorful and aesthetically pleasing magnets avilabe as well.
Water and ice dispensers
Few models of Side-by-side, double door and triple door refrigerators comes with water dispensers. Water dispensers enables you to drink water without even opening the refrigerator door. It is very nice to have feature. Videocon 604 Ltr VPL60ZPS Side by Side Refrigerator is one of such good refrigerator with water dispenser.
Removable anti fungal gasket
Removable anti fungal gasket is amazing feature. As the name suggest it is removable so you can remove and clean them easily. The anti fungal function make sure fungal and bacteria do not grow in the refrigerator.
It's the smart way to select the products without reading buying guides defrost thermostat

Make the best purchase decision with the help of Refrigerator selector.

How Perfume Bottle Designs Affect Your Perception
Imagine being asked to capture a landscape with so much color, texture, and detail that the picture springs to life on canvas, transporting even the most casual observer to that exact location and moment in time. The only catch (and it's a big one) is that you can't see the place you're supposed to illustrate, and no one is able to describe it to you, either. That's because technically, it doesn't exist yet.

Welcome to the enigmatic world of fragrance bottle design.

It's true that once you peel away the layers of mystery and artistry, perfume bottles serve a pretty basic function. Yes, they're lovely to behold — their crystal necks and flower-bulb stoppers like perfect glass gardens. But at the end of the day, they’re designed to hold and dispense liquid with the same efficiency as any humble household cleaner. No wonder most of us assume that the real stars of the fragrance universe are the precious ingredients inside the bottle — those powdery florals and heavy-lidded ouds that conjure memories and emotions and daydreams. But just like so many objects rendered in glass, perfume bottles offer us a slightly distorted — if not totally reverse — version of reality.

"Sometimes we have to design the bottle even before the fragrance has been made," says Fabien Baron, the legendary designer, photographer, and filmmaker behind some of the most successful fragrance launches in history, including Calvin Klein CK One. "The designers are actually inspiring the perfumers and giving them ideas."

It may sound contrary to the way we imagine things are done behind the scenes, but this outside-in approach is the industry standard — and has been for decades. "In 1992, Jean-Claude Ellena told me he wanted to play with a green tea note for Bulgari Eau Parfumée au Thé Vert," says Thierry De Baschmakoff, the Grasse-born designer who's been developing packaging for top fashion and beauty brands for more than 25 years. "That was the first and the last time I actually knew what was going inside the bottle I was making." As with everything that relates to fragrance, the key factor dictating the design process is time. Because it takes longer to build a bottle than to build a perfume, says De Baschmakoff, the former usually precedes the latter — and ultimately gives it shape.

The idea of working from a blank canvas may have its artistic appeal, but it doesn't necessarily translate into creative freedom for bottle designers. If anything, it requires them to be even more thoughtful and deliberate in their approach. "I can design you a beautiful bottle, but there are billions of beautiful bottles out there," says Baron. "That isn't the point. It's about matching the history and the values and the psyche of the brand to a cultural moment and then aligning all of those elements into one clear message... The story is the most important thing."

Without a cohesive story to translate the world of a fragrance, says Baron, the entire project falls apart at the seams. "Even if the perfume is amazing, people won't buy it if they don't understand it. They need to feel a connection or it just doesn't work."

It might not seem logical to think that a perfume's image is more important than its smell, but then again, the fragrance industry hasn't grown into a multibillion-dollar affair by selling us cold, hard facts. Just consider: Chanel No. 5 rarely performs well in blind smell tests; our modern sensibilities are accustomed to lighter, airier compositions. But housed in its classic glass flacon, the fragrance is a global best seller. "People love the story and what it stands for," says Baron of the full, iconic package. Psychologically (and maybe even biologically), this makes sense. Think of how we grow to appreciate the little quirks and imperfections in the people we fall in love with. The stronger our emotional connection, the more beauty we see.

That's why the art of dropper bottle design has acquired new weight in an era where consumers often go online to experience fragrance instead of walking up to a store counter. Without the benefit of touch, human interaction, and the alchemy of scent on skin, people need something else to engage their senses and ignite their interest. And more often than not, the perfume bottle is what fills that virtual space. "It's the first form of communication and the first form of contact that people have with the scent," says De Baschmakoff. "So of course it has to resonate."

The trick is to design a bottle that resonates across the board — no small feat. A perfume can mean anything to anyone. Nina Ricci L'Air du Temps reminds me of my mother; it reminds my mother of balmy summer nights in Austria. But the bottle itself is a fixed quantity. It feels the same in our hands, it looks the same on our shelf, and it releases the same nimbus cloud of scent. It connects us.

The story behind a car perfume bottle is just as heady and complex as the fragrance inside. Below, we asked designers who have dreamed up some of our favorite bottles in recent years to distill their creative vision.

All products featured on Allure are independently selected by our editors. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission.

"I grew up in the countryside, so I felt very close to nature and the people who cultivate the land. When my mother and I decided to collaborate on a collection of natural fragrances, it was very important that we partner with local artisans who shared our love of creativity and know-how," says Baptiste Bouygues, who launched Ormaie. Based in Paris, the brand produces scents made with sustainable, nonsynthetic ingredients. "I worked with Jade Lombard, our artistic director, to design the bottles, and then we set out to find the right craftsmen to bring them to life. Our glassmaker cuts recycled glass into bottles with 12 facets. To me, they represent the hours on a watch, because we put time into everything we do. Each bottle has a hand-carved topper sculpted from sustainable beechwood. The print shop that does our labels still operates a 19th-century Heidelberg machine. All of these components give our products an emotional, soulful quality. In French, the words beau (beautiful) and bon (good) are very close. To make something beautiful, it also has to be good."

Engineering Essentials: Types of Hydraulic Hose
To say that hose is an important part of a hydraulic system is a huge understatement. The flexibility of hose enables components to be positioned in the most efficient or convenient places, because the hose has the ability to bend around corners, through tight spaces, or across long distances.

Yet these days, there seems to be as many different types of hose as there are telephone long-distance carriers. How does a designer tell one from the other? Isn't there an easy way to choose or compare hoses?

The SAE standards
SAE answers those questions with its J517 hydraulic hose standard. This LPG hose standard serves as the most popular benchmark in the realm of industrial hydraulics today. More specifically, J517 is a set of guidelines that applies to the current SAE 100R series of hoses. Currently, 16 such hose styles exist, and they are designated as 100R1 through 100R16 (see descriptions, pages A105 and 106). Each of the styles must meet a set of dimensional and performance characteristics as set forth by SAE. However, SAE issues no approval source lists, certification, or letters of approval-conformance to these standards by manufacturers is strictly voluntary. In short, the standards only assure a similarity of products among different manufacturers.

Hydraulic hose construction
Modern hydraulic hose typically consists of at least three parts: an inner tube that carries the fluid, a reinforcement layer, and a protective outer layer.

The inner tube must have some flexibility and needs to be compatible with the type of fluid it will carry. Commonly used compounds include synthetic rubber, thermoplastics, and PTFE, sometimes called Teflon. The reinforcement layer consists of one or more sheaths of braided wire, spiral-wound wire, or textile yarn. The outer layer is often weather-, oil-, or abrasion-resistant, depending upon the type of environment the hose is designed for.

Not surprisingly, hydraulic hoses have a finite life. Proper sizing and use of the correct type of TPR LPG hose will certainly extend the life of a hose assembly, but there are many different factors that affect a hose's lifespan. SAE identifies some of the worst offenses as:

flexing the hose to less than the specified minimum bend radius
twisting, pulling, kinking, crushing, or abrading the hose
operating the hydraulic system above maximum or below minimum temperature
exposing the hose to rapid or transient rises (surges) in pressure above the maximum operating pressure, and
intermixing hose, fittings, or assembly equipment not recommended as compatible by the manufacturer or not following the manufacturer's instructions for fabricating hose assemblies.
Selecting the proper hose
Here are seven recommended steps the system designer should follow during the hose and coupling selection process. To help determine the proper hose for an application, use the acronym STAMPED - from Size, Temperature, Application, Materials, Pressure, Ends, and Delivery. Here is what to consider in each area:

Size - In order to select the proper hose size for replacement, it is important to measure the inside and natural gas hose diameters exactly using a precision-engineered caliper, as well as the length of the hose. Hose OD is particularly important when hose-support clamps are used or when hoses are routed through bulkheads. Check individual hose specification tables for ODs in suppliers' catalogs. When replacing a hose assembly, always cut the new hose the same length as the one being removed. Moving components of the equipment may pinch or even sever too long a hose. If the replacement hose is too short, pressure may cause the hose to contract and be stretched, leading to reduced service life.

Changes in hose length when pressurized range between +2% to 4% while hydraulic mechanisms are in operation. Allow for possible shortening of the hose during operation by making the hose lengths slightly longer than the actual distance between the two connections.

Temperature - All hoses are rated with a maximum working temperature ranging from 200° to 300° F based on the fluid temperature. Exposure to continuous high temperatures can lead to hoses losing their flexibility. Failure to use hydraulic oil with the proper viscosity to hold up under high temperatures can accelerate this problem. Always follow the hose manufacturer's recommendations.

Exceeding these temperature recommendations can reduce hose life by as much as 80%. Depending on materials used, acceptable temperatures may range from -65° F (Hytrel and winterized rubber compounds) to 400° F (PTFE). External temperatures become a factor when hoses are exposed to a turbo manifold or some other heat source.

When hoses are exposed to high external and internal temperatures concurrently, there will be a considerable reduction in hose service life. Insulating sleeves can help protect hose from hot equipment parts and other high temperature sources that are potentially hazardous. In these situations, an additional barrier is usually required to shield hydraulic fluid from a potential source of ignition.

Application - Will the selected hose meet bend radius requirements? This refers to the minimum bend radius (usually in inches) that a hydraulic hose must meet. Exceeding this bend radius (using a radius smaller than recommended) is likely to injure the hose reinforcement and reduce hose life.

Route high-pressure hydraulic lines parallel to machine contours whenever possible. This practice can help save money by reducing line lengths and minimizing the number of hard-angle, flow-restricting bends. Such routing also can protect lines from external damage and promote easier servicing.

Materials - It is mandatory to consult a compatibility chart to check that the tube compound is compatible with the fluid used in the system. Elevated temperature, fluid contamination, and concentration will affect the chemical compatibility of the tube and fluid. Most hydraulic hoses are compatible with petroleum-based oils. Note that new readily biodegradeable or green fluids may present a problem for some csa natural gas hose.

Pressure capabilities - Hose working pressure must always be chosen so that it is greater than or equal to the maximum system pressure, including pressure spikes. Pressure spikes greater than the published working pressure will significantly shorten hose life.

Hose ends - The coupling-to-hose mechanical interface must be compatible with the hose selected. The proper mating thread end must be chosen so that connection of the mating components will result in leak-free sealing.

There are two general categories of couplings to connect most types of hose: the permanent type (used primarily by equipment manufacturers, large-scale rebuilders, and maintenance shops) and the field-attachable type.

Permanently attached couplings are cold-formed onto the hose with powered machinery. They are available for most rubber and thermoplastic hoses and offer a wide range of dependable connections at low cost. Assemblies made in the field with portable machines are relatively simple; these machines are economical and easy to operate. In most cases, it is not necessary to skive the cover. These couplings are less complicated to install than other types.

Field-attachable couplings are classified as screw-together and clamp-type. The screw-together coupling attaches to the hose by turning the outer coupling shell over the outside diameter of the hose. The coupling insert is then screwed into the coupling shell. A clamp-type coupling has a 2-piece outer shell that clamps onto the hose OD with either two or four bolts and nuts.
This hose should be used in low pressure and vacuum applications, with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from -40° to 100° C.
It is constructed with an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, a reinforcement consisting of a ply, or plies, of woven or braided textile fibers with a suitable spiral of body wire, and an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover.

This hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids, within a temperature range from -40° to 100° C.
It is constructed with an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber reinforced with two textile braids separated by a high-tensile-strength steel-wire braid. All of the braids are impregnated with an oil- and mildew-resistant synthetic rubber compound.

This high-pressure csa natural gas hose kit should be used with synthetic, petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from -40° to 93° C.
It consists of a thermoplastic inner tube resistant to hydraulic fluids with suitable synthetic-fiber reinforcement and a hydraulic fluid- and weather-resistant thermoplastic cover. Nonconductive 100R8 is identified with an orange cover and appropriate lay line. Its pressure capacity is similar to that of 100R2.


This hose should be used with petroleum- and water-based hydraulic fluids within a temperature range from -40° to 100° C.
It consists of an inner tube of oil-resistant synthetic rubber, six spiral plies of heavy wire wrapped in alternating directions, and an oil- and weather-resistant synthetic rubber cover. A ply, or braid, of suitable material may be used over the inner tube and/or over the wire reinforcement to anchor the synthetic rubber to the wire.
In either case, the coupling has limited potential for reuse because the threads distort during attachment.

To ensure the correct-size coupling is used when replacing an assembly, the number of threads per inch and thread diameter of the original coupling must be determined. Thread pitch gages are available for identifying the number of threads per inch. A caliper can measure both inside and outside dimensions of the threads. ODs are measured on male couplings, while IDs are measured on female couplings.

In most situations, the only differences between an SAE coupling and an imported coupling are the thread configuration and the seat angle. International thread ends can be metric, measured in mm, but also include BSP (British Standard Pipe) threads, which are measured in inches. Knowing the country of origin provides a clue as to what type of thread end is used. DIN (Deutsche Industrial Norme) fittings began in Germany and now are found throughout Europe, while BSP is found on British equipment. Japanese Komatsu machinery uses Komatsu fittings with metric threads, while other Japanese equipment most likely uses JIS (Japanese Industrial StandardBSP threads), or, in some cases, BSP with straight or tapered threads.

Delivery - How available is the product? Is it unique? How soon can it be delivered to the distributor or end user? It may be preferable to consider several options to maximize flexibility and avoid the delays that can result from relying on components that are unavailable or in short supply.

How Do Air Compressors Work?
Air compressors are an invaluable tool for both industrial work and DIY at home, and there are several different types to choose from depending on the job you need doing. Air compressors have a number of uses, such as to fill gas cylinders for industrial purposes and scuba diving, to create the power needed to run pneumatic tools and spray guns, for pumping up automotive tyres, and within heating and air conditioning systems.

As we’ve touched on here, there are myriad uses for air compressors both in commercial and domestic environments. Within the category of air guns, there are several types, each of which is suitable for a different job. We’ve compiled a guide to all the major types of air compressor, how they work and how they differentiate from one another.

Whether you’re an engineering manager or in charge of facilities for your company, being informed about how oil free air compressor function and what they’re used for is handy and can help you make the proper decisions for your business and industry.

Get all the information you need to know about air compressors, complete with the infographic below, with our comprehensive guide. We’ll address the benefits of using premium air compressors in your industry, as well as the questions of ‘what are compressors?’ and ‘how does a compressor work?’, covering all the essentials in one convenient place.

Since their invention in the 19th Century, mechanical, automated air compressors have continued to be one of the most widely used tools in industrial settings. Air compressors provide a continuous stream of power that is safer and cooler than many other forms of energy. For many industries, such as metal work and mining environments, air compressors are an absolutely essential tool. After the basic utilities of water, gas and electric, compressed air is actually considered to be the fourth utility.

Air compressors are also an affordable choice of tool for many manufacturing jobs, as they are durable, and high quality types require minimal maintenance and repairs.

Between the two main categories of compressor – the scroll (piston) compressor and the rotary screw (reciprocating) compressor, you have a tool for every type of industrial and commercial setting, as well as various domestic uses.

Single Phase vs. Dual Phase Compressors
The most common types of air compressors are single and dual phase, both of which operate in the same fundamental way, only dual phase has one more step involved in the compression process. In a single phase compressor, there is one chamber and the air is compressed a single time; in a dual phase, there are two chambers and the air is put through compression twice.

Be careful not to confuse single and dual phase compressors with the number of cylinders a compressor has. Both types of compressor use two cylinders; one-cylinder compressors are less common, because air balancing is made easier with two cylinders. The difference between single and dual stage compressors is that in the former the cylinders are both the same size; in the latter they are different sizes.

How Do Single and Dual Phase Compressors Operate?
Single phase compressors, also referred to as piston silent oil free air compressor, works in a relatively simple and straightforward way. First, air is drawn into the cylinder; from here, it is compressed once by a single piston movement within a vacuum system.

The power of this compression is measured in PSI (pounds per square inch) or Bar – the higher the PSI/Bar, the more power the compressor has. In a single stage air compressor, the air is typically compressed at a rate of around 120 PSI (8.2 Bar). After the air has been compressed, it is sent into the storage tank from where it is dispelled into various tools as a source of energy.

Dual phase compressors operate the same way, except there are two stages of compression, rather than just one. After the first round of compression, the air is sent into a second chamber, where it is compressed for the second time, at a rate of around 175 PSI (12.1 Bar). After this, the air is sent to a storage tank in which it is cooled down and ready for application.

Both types of compressor are typically powered by either an electric or petrol motor, which drives the piston and causes the compression to happen.

Single Phase and Dual Phase Applications
Both function in fundamentally the same way and can be used for similar tasks, such as operating a pneumatic drill or other high-powered tools such as those found in a manufacturing plant.

Single phase compressors tend to be used within domestic settings for smaller workshop jobs done with handheld tools, such as woodwork, metal work and general DIY.

Dual phase compressors, on the other hand, are better for larger scale work in operations such as operations needed in vehicle repair shops, pressing factories and other plants where parts are manufactured.

Oil-Free vs. Oil-lubricated Air Compressors
Another way to compare air compressors is to look at whether they use oil or not – there are oil-free and oil-based / lubricated compressors and both are suited to slightly different jobs. For the air to be drawn into the chamber safely and effectively, the piston needs to be in top working order. To work properly, the piston must be lubricated with oil.

With regards to lubrication, there are two main types of compressor to choose from: oil-free and oil-based. The oil is used on the cylinder to ensure the compression goes smoothly.

The Difference Between Oil-Free and Oil-Based Compressors
Oil-free ac oil free air compressor already have a lubricated cylinder (often with a non-stick material such as Teflon) and therefore require no further maintenance to work properly. Oil-based compressors require oil to be added to the piston area and changed regularly. Just how often you need to change the oil will be outlined in the manufacturer’s manual that came with your compressor.

On the whole, oil-free compressors tend to weigh a lot less than oil-based compressors, as not only do they not have the weight of the oil, but they are more compact machines, requiring fewer separate parts to make them work. Oil-free compressors, being less complex in design, also tend to be more affordable than oil-based compressors.

However, although they’re more weighty and expensive, oil-based compressors have their benefits. For one thing, they are strong and durable, and usually have a longer lifespan than their oil-free counterparts. This is usually because over time the greasing material (usually Teflon) begins to wear down and lose its lubrication abilities.

Another important factor that should be considered when choosing between an oil-free and oil-based compressor is that the oil-less version tends to heat up faster and to a higher temperature than those which use oil. Compressors without oil also make a lot more noise than those with, so if you want a less noisy workplace, this is a factor to consider too.

Oil-Free and Oil-based Compressor Applications
Oil-free compressors are a great option for those in need of a lightweight, low maintenance tool for home use. Oil-based compressors are better suited to heavy duty jobs and commercial and industrial use, as although they’re generally heavier and require more maintenance, they are also more robust and versatile.

For industrial purposes and extensive, day-long use, oil-based compressors are by far the best option. If you’re looking to invest in quality compressors for your business, opting for oil-based machines is almost certainly the best route to take.

Within an industrial or commercial setting, there are numerous uses for oil-based air compressors, including:

Vehicle painting and repairs
Sanding and woodwork
Creating snow banks in ski centres
Tools within dentistry and other medical environments
Pneumatic construction tools such as nail guns
Air cleaning tools such as blowguns
Oil-free compressors can be used for domestic use, such as small-scale jobs like blowing up balloons, home workshop and DIY jobs. They are also largely used in industries where there is a need to avoid the product or consumer coming into contact with oil: food and beverage, pharmaceutical and dental, for example. In these sensitive applications, the consequences of having oil contamination in the air are too high to risk, so having an oil free compressor is a must. There is compressed air quality testing from the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) which oil-free technology can help you achieve.

Fixed vs. Variable Air Compressors
Another factor to consider when choosing the right type of air compressor for your industry is whether they’re equipped with fixed or variable speed. Let’s take a closer look at what these different types of compressor can do for you.

The main difference between low noise oil free air compressor that use a fixed speed system and those that use variable speed is the manner in which the motor gets its power. The compression element is much the same across all machines, but the way the motor operates has an effect on the usability, efficiency and lifespan of the machine.

How Do VSD Compressors Work?
Variable speed compressors (often referred to as VSD (Variable Speed Drive) or VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) – compressors) operates by automatically adjusting the motor speed in accordance with the demand for air. This happens through a system that converts voltage from the mains power supply into a variable frequency.

Power is drawn through a converter, inside which it is converted twice. First, it converts AC power into DC power using diodes. A capacitor then cleans the AC, and then converts it to DC using a transistor, which acts as switches. These switches control the frequency of power sent to the motor, which in turn controls the speed of the motor.

A VSD air compressor contains this technology, allowing the speed of the motor and the amount of air compression used to be closely controlled. There are pros and cons to both variable speed compressors and their counterpart, fixed speed compressors – check them out below to decide which one is best for your industry.

Fixed Speed Pros and Cons
Fixed speed air compressors send a consistent, continuous stream of power into the motor, which gives you a reliable frequency in all your air compression jobs. The initial cost of fixed speed compressors is lower than that of variable speed compressors, is easier and cheaper to maintain and is a must-have within industries where the power demand is continuous.

This type of compressor is, however, less efficient than its variable speed counterpart. It is also less efficient at saving energy, and can therefore be more expensive to run, with fewer incentives available too.

Variable Speed Pros and Cons
Variable speed air compressors allow you to control the voltage and the frequency of the power in the motor, giving the user more agency over the tool. This type of compressor is more efficient when it comes to power usage, as you can easily control your output and only use what you need. Many industries will find that this type of air compressor is ideal, as it can be used in line with the demand of the job. When less power is needed, you can easily adjust the speed of the compressor, saving money and protecting the environment at the same time.

The downsides of a variable speed compressor are that there is a higher initial capital cost to pay, and maintenance and repairs are more expensive too. They are also not well suited to applications that require a continuous stream of power.

Piston Compressors, Scroll Compressors & Rotary Screw Compressors
So far in this article, all the compressors mentioned are operated using pistons, which is a generic system for one type of compressor – the scroll compressor, also known as a reciprocating air compressor. The other type is the rotary screw compressor, which doesn’t have pistons and operates in a slightly different way.


Here’s a quick overview of how scroll compressors and rotary screw / reciprocating compressors work, and what the unique benefits are of each of them.

Scroll Compressors
Scroll compressors are a type of piston compressor, and are also called reciprocating compressors. These are the most common type of air compressor, due to affordability and general availability. But how does a reciprocating air compressor work? The piston system works by having a piston travel downwards, decreasing the pressure inside its internal cylinder through the creation of a vacuum. The sudden change in pressure causes the door of the cylinder to be forced open, and draw air in. When the piston travels up again, the air is forced out of the cylinder at a much higher pressure point. This continues in a reciprocating, ‘scroll’ pattern, hence its name.

One complaint often heard around air compressors is that some of them are noisy due to friction and a power source, which can be distracting and inconvenient for both commercial and domestic use. The industry has risen to deal with these complaints however, and there are several low noise air compressors to choose from, offering a decibel rating of around 40 dB.

40 dB is considered low noise; 60 dB is considered the safest decibel level for compressors; anything over 85 dB could cause long-lasting damage to your hearing, and you should avoid being exposed to this level for extended periods of time.

Low noise and silent air compressors are available in both oil-free and oil-based versions, so just how is the silencing effect achieved?

As well as choosing compressors with low decibel levels, one aspect of this technology that makes a big difference is the inclusion of an acoustic chamber for containing the noise. Another tip is to opt for electric-powered compressors, rather than gas-powered, as the former type of power source makes for a quieter machine.

The Bottom Line
Which type of air compressor you go for depends on a variety of factors. You first need to consider what application the compressors will be used for? Do you need it for continuous, ongoing use in large industrial machinery, or will it be used sporadically? Your answers to these questions will help you decide on whether to go for variable or fixed speed compressors.

Another question that you must factor into your decision is: how much do you want to spend? Remember that the initial price of a quality compressor is not the only expense associated with a compressor; consider also the cost of the power needed to run the machine, plus any related ongoing maintenance and repair costs. How much time and energy will investing in high quality compressors save your company? These are all important calculations that should be made before making your decision.

Hallo Leute, weiß jemand von euch, wo ich eine gute Kanalkamera finden kann? 

Freue mich auf eure Tipps!

A Guide to Bone China

 Bone china is considered to be the most refined and luxurious of tableware materials, adding sophisticated classical and contemporary design to any table - whether during breakfast, lunch or dinner.
If you're in the market for purchasing bone china tableware, the Wedgwood Guide to Bone China will answer some common questions regarding this beautiful material, as well as providing guidance on how to choose and care for your bone china tableware.

 Bone china is a durable, lightweight and elegant material that is most commonly used for the creation of    tableware    and    teaware    such as    plates,    bowls,    mugs    and    teacups. Bone china is made from china clay, china stone and bone ash (made from animal bones).


    To create bone china, either china clay, china stone, bone ash, or a combination of the three is combined with porcelain clay and fired at a slightly lower temperature than porcelain. This produces a light, delicate material with a milky, almost translucent appearance.

 Investing in bone china tableware comes with many benefits for your at-home eating experience. Bone china is the strongest material of the porcelain and china ceramics, meaning that it is likely to last through everyday use and the usual accidental slips of the hand or knocks off the table. Bone china is a luxurious and precious material, so will last for decades and can have amazing sentimental value when passed down through generations. It brings a perception of elegance and sophisticated taste to dining at home, making every day a special occasion!

Bone china is considered to be    the highest quality ceramic    used for tableware, and is perfect for both everyday use and special occasions due to the fact that it’s strong, durable, mostly chip-resistant, and stunningly beautiful.


    For an interesting fact, the durability of bone china is actually based on the percentage of bone ash content present within the product. The traditional formulation for bone china is about 25% kaolin, 25% Cornish stone and 50% bone ash. The industry minimum for bone content is 30% or higher.    
Is bone china microwave safe? Yes! In fact, it’s microwave safe, dishwasher safe and oven safe.


    Here are some tips for washing your tableware set:


    Wash dishes straight away to remove any acidic or sticky food residue.


    When handwashing, wash each dish individually using a mild liquid detergent and a non-abrasive cloth. Having a plastic tuc in the sink is also a good idea, as it will protect the china from the harsh stainless steel of the sink.


    If using a dishwasher, take care not to overload the rack, and keep metal items away from your fine bone china - even light contact can scratch, chip or crack your dishes.


    Here are some tips for keeping your Wedgwood china in stunning condition:


    Soak your pieces in white vinegar for three minutes before rinsing and towel drying them to remove hard water spots.


    Remove coffee stains from mugs (as well as fork marks from plates) by rubbing a paste of baking soda and water over the tableware before rinsing and drying.


    To prevent scratching and chipping your fine bone china tableware set, put it in a fabric storage case, or put segments of fabric, tissue paper or napkins between each piece when stacking.


    What Exactly is Bone China?


    There's something quite elegant and magical about drinking a cup of tea from real bone china.


    This popular British belief is apparently true, bone china does make the tea taste better and there are many reasons for this. Bone china doesn’t absorb any of the tea aromas and flavours like other ceramics do and therefore providing a full-on tea tasting experience. The thinner and lighter bone china material adds a very dainty and classy feel. While the creamy-white translucent colour of the china perfectly compliments the hue of tea liquor.


    However, because of the possible unethical practices of using bone ash in bone china, some companies are choosing to add jade as an alternative.


    Real bone china should not contain any lead, is non toxic and is safe to use. Bone china is made from porcelain, bone ash and kaolin (a type of clay).


    Bone china is usually made from cow bones. Just as the name suggests, bone china contains animals parts and is not for everyone. It’s rare, however, some china has been found to contain human bone ash! In the past, a loved one’s ashes could be added to china for a keepsake.


    What is a Promotional Bone China Mug?


    In the ceramic family, there are quite a number of categories. Each as important, if not better than the last creation. Some of the popular categories include stoneware, pottery, earthenware as well as bone china.    Presently, bone china mugs are part of the most sought after collectables. Although still manufactured in bulk and available for daily use, bone china can be beautiful and fragile, befitting use as a decorative piece. Bone china creations are readily available in an array of versatile, befitting designs that are ready for consumer selection.


    Since bone china mugs are dishwasher and microwave safe, they are an excellent for hosting and home use. They can actually be used in bulk and stocked on top of each other to be washed or used at a later date, without the fear of breaking. This feature makes the bone mug wonderfully practical and a joy to have in the home.


    Since bone china mugs are dishwasher and microwave safe, they are an excellent for hosting and home use. They can actually be used in bulk and stocked on top of each other to be washed or used at a later date, without the fear of breaking. This feature makes the bone mug wonderfully practical and a joy to have in the home.


    In the market, there is a wide selection to pick and choose from. There are contemporary and classic bone china designs that come with every imaginable design from wavy patterns to abstract art. Made out of a soft combination of kaolin (25%), bone ash, (50%) and feldspathic material (25%), bone china is a soft-paste kind of porcelain. Given that is contains calculated calcium phosphate as well as a significant percentage of animal bone in the form of phosphate, bone china is one of the strongest porcelains ever invented. Similar to stoneware, bone china is made up of different mineral items. Hence it tends to be vitrified as a result of these highly different mineral properties. Bone china is produced in the same likeness as porcelain. One of the unique qualities behind bone china mugs is the fact that bone ash is actually taken from cattle bones that are vetoed for the lowest quantities of iron. Prior to undergoing de-gelatinisation, the cattle bones are crushed and then calcined at temperatures of up to 1250°C. Such high temperatures burn everything and result in bone ash.


    The benefits of using porcelain tableware


    For millions of years, porcelains have been used to create decorative kitchenware.    


    In the ceramics family, porcelain is the supreme material. Porcelain was first invented in China and has informally come to be known as “china” or “fine china”.


    The finer the china, the more expensive the product becomes. The properties of porcelain such as strength, elasticity, permeability and translucency has made porcelain a very durable kitchenware and a complete value of money. Other than these, they are also popular and a good choice to make because of the following reasons:


    Related:    Differences Between Stoneware, Earthenware, And Porcelain


    1. Heat Resistant


    Porcelain is an excellent and very practical material for microwave or oven dishes because it distributes the heat through the elements evenly. The heat resistant nature of porcelain can be proven by it being fired at very high temperature during its creation. Porcelain is suitable for use in ovens, microwaves and freezers.


    2. Durable


    Despite its fragile appearance, Porcelain is one of the strongest and most durable dinnerwares you should consider getting. Dinnerware made of Porcelain is durable and nonporous due to it being fired at a very high temperature during its creation.


    3. Non-Stick & Easy To Clean


    Due to its fine smooth glassy texture, porcelain provides users with ease during plating and    cleaning    after dinner. With just water and dish soap you can get grease stains off instantly.


    4. Versatile


    Porcelain tableware come in different colours, shapes and sizes. Making it suitable for any events and occasions. You can experiment and play around with different colours and see how it matches the theme of the meal.


    5. Huge Selection Options & Affordable


    Porcelain tableware is a great buy as comes in different variations of colours, shapes and sizes. Porcelain allows you to get a bang for your buck with the ability to explore different dining styles with a limited budget. You can aim for a classy style or maybe get some colours on your dining table.


    Give your kitchen a makeover by using porcelain kitchen wares that not only give you a visually pleasing appearance but also these numerous benefits that we have talked about.


    What are the differences between porcelain and stoneware?


    When it comes to choosing the best material for your dinnerware, bakeware and cookware,    the choices offered in the market    are multiple. There is all the family of ceramics (earthenware, stoneware,    porcelain    and bone china) but also glass, melamine or plastic.


    To answer the question, we will focus on only the ceramic made dinnerware. To understand the pros and cons of each material, we will study each one of them and gather key things to know about each material so we can understand the differences between porcelain and stoneware and bone china.When it comes to choosing the best material for your dinnerware, bakeware and cookware,    the choices offered in the market    are multiple. There is all the family of ceramics (earthenware, stoneware,    porcelain    and bone china) but also glass, melamine or plastic.


    To answer the question, we will focus on only the ceramic made dinnerware. To understand the pros and cons of each material, we will study each one of them and gather key things to know about each material so we can understand the differences between porcelain and stoneware and bone china.

Stoneware vs Porcelain when it comes to bakingAvoid using bone chine for warming: when it comes to heating and baking, the choice is really only between Stoneware and Porcelain.
 A few facts:Heating and cooking: as a general rule, avoid the sudden temperature changes (from the fridge, to the oven, to the dishwasher). Both stoneware and porcelain should not be placed on direct heat EXCEPT the range of cookware by REVOL:    REVOLUTION    (also compatible on induction and electric heat). Both stoneware and porcelain can be used in the microwave.

Cleaning:    usually both materials are dishwasher safeBaking:    porcelain being non porous – porcelain dishes are a great options to bake! The heat distributes evenly and the baking will be perfect. Also, glazed porcelain is naturally non stick. So you will enjoy baking with a baker made of porcelain. Like for the    Belle cuisine    collection: these bakers will bake anything evenly and will make every recipe delicious and easy to make.

Rotational Moulding: The Process & Advantages

 Rotational moulding, also known as rotomoulding, is a plastics moulding technology which is ideal for making hollow articles. It is a casting technic but unlike most other plastics processes there is no pressure involved. Moulds for the process are relatively inexpensive as they do not have to withstand pressure and therefore relatively short production runs can be made very economically.

Rotomoulding is used to make a very diverse range of products. The process offers the product designer exceptional freedom as just about any shape can be produced. There is almost no limit to the size of mouldings and there are literally thousands of applications.

The ProcessThe concept of rotational moulding is very simple. A plastic material, normally in powder form is placed into a hollow mould, usually made from cast aluminium or fabricated from sheet steel. The mould is closed and rotated slowly on two axis. The mould is then heated in an oven whilst rotating and the polymer gradually melts and ‘lays-up’ on the inside of the mould. Once the polymer powder has fully melted the mould is moved to a cooling station and cooled usually with air and sometimes a fine mist of water. As the mould cools the part solidifies. When the material has finally cooled sufficiently to release away from the mould surface the process is stopped and the product is taken out of the mould (de-moulded).


    Whilst the concept of rotational moulding is extremely simple anyone who has ever been involved in the process will tell you that it is in fact extremely complicated. It is a casting process and there is normally no pressure involved which means that the material cannot be controlled in the same way as high pressure processes such as injection moulding. There are many variables that can affect production and the end product such as ambient temperature and humidity, type of mould, material specification and powder quality.


    Materials


    Today the industry is heavily dependent on Polyethylene (PE) and 97% of rotomoulded products are made from this material. Polyethylene is a versatile, easily mouldable and readily available polymer which has come to dominate the process. Rotomoulding is a casting technique in which powder is nearly always used rather than granules, meaning the material must be ground. Polyethylene is relatively easy to grind at ambient temperatures.


    The development of other polymers has been hindered by the fact that the process is relatively long and therefore aggressive on polymers, however there is some usage of PVC (usually in liquid plastisol form), Polypropylene and Polyamide (PA6, PA11 & PA12). Many of these non-Polyethylene materials are difficult to grind and most need to be made into powder using cryogenic grinding – that is freeze grinding, which is a more costly process. There is a welcome increase in R&D to expand the range of materials available to the industry.


    Uses And Advantages Of High-Quality Plastic Pulverizer Machine


    When deliberating on high-quality pulverizer    machines, take a look at the plastic pulverizer machine.


    The plastic pulverizer is a piece of magnificent equipment used in crushing plastic into small and tiny sizes.


    Former plastic pulverizers are highly difficult and complex and the results it produced are inaccurate sometimes.


    To solve this problem    customized powder pulverizer    machines    are introduced, and they generate colorful masterbatch.


    All thanks to the manufacturer of the high-quality pulverizer. With this machine, you have the chance to achieve standard quality and colorful powder used in the manufacturing and compounding of masterbatch.


    Also, the plastic pulverizer machines give the perfect and equal size of particles which ensures an adequate blending and mixing of additives.


    Furthermore, plastic compounds such as Polycarbonate (PC), Polyamide (PA), and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are processed in an ambient heat through this processor.


    Once this is ongoing, the downstream fan will transfer the end product into a cyclone from the disc mill.


    One notable thing is that this whole process is totally mechanical but the control cabinet will maintain and regulate all the activities.


    However, for advanced and latest    high-quality pulverizer    to smash your plastic materials, buy PVC pulverizer    from a reliable manufacturer.


    Obviously, this is the most recommended option for your best processing services.


    Materials That Can Be Ground Using Plastic Pulverizer Machine


    PVC pulverizer machine can be used to grind many items such as buckets, bottles, pipes, and jugs.        


    After grinding, these materials are converted into granules which are afterward ready to be remolded into different other products.


    A plastic granulator is normally large which allows it to grind much plastic at once.         


    More so, you can also buy PVC pulverizer    which is smaller in size for home use.


    High quality plastic pulverizer machine can be used to grind thermoplastic materials such as Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVA).


    Other materials include Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyester, cross-link, ABS, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and Nylon.


    When you buy PVC pulverizer, you can also use it to pulverize film waste, sheets, and tubes of soft and hard, impact, and brittle resistant materials.


    High-quality pulverizer    is easy to clean and maintain and has an economic option. It doesn't consume power and it has a robust design.     In fact, time and effort are saved by its ease of operation.


    Why You Should Go for an Air Cooler Over an Air Conditioner?


    In the ongoing debate of air conditioners vs air coolers, we list down few important pointers that will offer a clear idea of why you should opt for an air cooler.


    But first things first, should you buy an air cooler?
A cooler can be used by everyone, especially people living around hot and dry weather. One can choose from a dessert cooler, a window cooler or even a personal cooler, depending on the requirements.


    Read on to know more about why to choose an    air cooler    over an air conditioner.


    Have you ever wondered about how an AC or an air cooler functions and how does it affect the quality of air in your home?


    An air conditioner circulates the internal air of the room over and over again, whereas an air cooler pulls fresh air from outside and then cools it down. Also, air cooler doesn’t make the air overly dry like an air conditioner. Because of the way it operates, an air cooler offers better quality of air for your room. So much so, that the air circulated from an air cooler is preferable for people with asthma or dust allergy.


    Economical Alternative


    When it comes to value for money, an air cooler definitely scores high over an AC. Even though both end up cooling the room, an AC can cost anything ranging from ?30,000 to ?60,000, whereas a cooler will be available from ?5000 to ?15,000. Also, apart from the initial cost of purchasing, even the operating cost of an air cooler is less than an AC. You can approximately expect 80% less electricity bill from a cooler as compared to an AC, making it economical in the long run.


    Going green is something that concerns all of us, and air coolers trumps the card here as well. Air conditioners use CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) and HFC (hydro-chlorofluorocarbons) as their refrigerant, which is quite harmful to the environment. On the other hand, air coolers are eco-friendlier, since they use water as the refrigerant.


    Industrial Cooling Fans: Overview, Benefits, and Applications


    It is quite common to see various types of fans in industrial facilities. They are used to regularize the airflow to various structures or parts of the building. There are several types of industrial fans, which are categorized based on their designs, applications, and so on.    Industrial cooling fans    and industrial cooling blowers are two types of industrial fans used across the industrial facility for cooling purposes. Do you want to know how these fans differ from other types?


    This post gives an overview of industrial cooling fan, their beneficiary features, and industrial applications.


    What are Industrial Cooling Fans?


    Industrial fans are the mechanical devices that create fluid flow for industrial purposes. The industrial fans often considered as fluid displacers since the air or gas is displaced from one point to another due to the rotational motion of blades. The primary purpose of the industrial cooling fans is to blow cold air and drive hot air out of the environment. Therefore these industrial fans are also called industrial cooling blowers. However, cold air intake or hot air exhaust depends on the design and construction of the specific fan. Unlike other industrial fans, the cooling fans have large diameters, which help them produce large volumes of air and low pressures, as required in several environments. Regardless of the fan design, the fundamental components of industrial fan remain the same. They are discussed in detail in the next section.


    Fundamental Components of an Industrial Cooling Fan Assembly


    Industrial cooling fans comprise a motor, a rotor shaft, and the blades or impellers. These are the fundamental components of the assembly. Check out on the function of these fundamental components and other important features in a fan assembly.


   An electrical motor is the primary input source in an industrial cooling fan assembly. The motor can be AC or DC as per the design and performance requirements. The motor transfers’ electric power to the hub of the rotor shaft as the energy input.


    Rotor Shaft:The rotor shaft is connected to an electric motor with an intermediate hub. The hub transfers electrical energy to the rotor shaft. The shaft rotates on receiving this electrical energy. This all suggests the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical to get the desired output.

 Impellers/Blades: The blades or impellers are the components that cut through the surrounding air to form a fluid drag. The blades are mounted on the rotary shaft at a specific distance. The blades rotate to push or exhaust air drag. These blades can be designed in multiple shapes according to aerodynamic standards.

 Fan Casing:The fan casing is a metal casing that houses the whole assembly. The main purpose of fan casing is to protect the assembly from dust, external damage, as well as the environmental impact such as corrosion, moisture, dust, etc.


    Fan Mountings:The mountings are bearing on which the fans are fixed on. The industrial cooling fan assembly can be mounted by using a ball or sleeve bearings. The bearings are the foundation of the fan assembly therefore, the quality and function are very important.These components of the industrial fan assembly remain constant irrespective of the types of industrial cooling fans.

Wpc Vs. Spc: What You Need To Know About Water-Resistant Vinyl Plank Flooring

What Is Rigid Core Flooring?Rigid core flooring is the innovative vinyl flooring for    today's demanding consumers. Available in both plank and tile shapes, it's a luxury material that can stand up to a lot of abuse, including water.

To understand rigid core, you have to move beyond the vinyl flooring you're familiar with. Standard vinyl flooring is a fairly thin, flexible material that is glued down to the sub floor. Rigid core is stiffer, thicker and sturdier, which gives it some unique advantages. One of its most-hyped pluses is its ability to handle water, but that's not the only check in the “pro” column. It can also handle sub floor imperfections, offer excellent sound insulation and superior comfort underfoot.


    Here's where we get to the technical jargon: The assorted positives of vinyl plank flooring (or vinyl tile) depend on whether you go with a WPC or SPC construction.

How WPC and SPC Come into PlayLike engineered hardwood,    luxury vinyl plank flooring    is constructed from layers of material—typically four, though that can vary between manufacturers. Let's look at the different layers, starting with the surface:


    Layer #1 is the wear layer. It's clear, durable and scratch-resistant.


    Layer #2 is the vinyl layer, composed of multiple,    compressed layers of vinyl.        This layer facilitates the authentic embossing technology applied to the printed decorative film that lies between the wear layer and this vinyl layer.


    Layer #3 is the rigid core layer. It's made from either wood plastic composite (WPC)     or stone plastic composite, also referred to as a solid polymer core (SPC).


    Layer #4 is the base layer. This is the bottom of your plank or tile, and it's usually made from foam or cork.
Many WPC and SPC options also feature an attached pad (underlayment) that provides sound absorption and allows for under floor heating systems.


    What Is WPC?


    Wood plastic composite flooring, or WPC flooring, is a vinyl plank or vinyl tile flooring with a rigid core that's made from either recycled wood pulp and plastic or polymer composites that are    expanded with air.        It's sometimes called “wood polymer composite flooring.”     It is a light weight, low density construction that is warm and soft underfoot with greater comfort.


    What Is SPC?


    Stone plastic composite, solid polymer core, or SPC flooring, is a vinyl flooring material that has a rigid core made from powdered limestone, polyvinyl chloride and stabilizers. Sometimes, you might see it referred to as “stone polymer composite flooring.”     It is dense, dimensionally stable, quiet and strong.        Pure    from    Beauflor    are great options in this category and both include an attached pad.


    SPC and WPC – Key Differences to Know


    Similar to dryback luxury vinyl flooring (which is the traditional type of luxury vinyl that requires an adhesive to install), SPC and WPC flooring are comprised of multiple layers of backing that are fused together. However, unlike dryback flooring, both flooring options feature a rigid core and are a harder product all around.


    Because SPC’s core layer is comprised of limestone, it has a higher density in comparison to WPC, though is thinner overall. This makes it more durable compared to WPC. Its high density offers better resistance from scratches or dents from heavy items or furniture being placed on top of it and makes it less susceptible to expansion in cases of extreme temperature change.


    One important thing to note is that although SPC and WPC are often marketed as being waterproof, they are actually water resistant. Though neither product is entirely waterproof if submerged underwater, topical spills or moisture should not be an issue if properly cleaned in a reasonable amount of time.


    Applications


    Rigid core products including WPC and SPC were originally created for commercial markets because of their durability. However, homeowners have started using rigid core as well because of its ease of installation, design options and durability. It is important to note that some SPC and WPC products vary from commercial to light commercial use, so it is best to always consult your manufacturer to know which warranty applies.


    Another highlight for both SPC and WPC, aside from their easy-to-install click locking system, is that they do not require extensive subfloor prep prior to installation. Though installing over a flat surface is always a good practice to be in, floor imperfections like cracks or divots are more easily hidden with SPC or WPC flooring due to their rigid core composition.


    And, when it comes to comfort, WPC is generally more comfortable underfoot and less dense than SPC due to the foaming agent it is typically comprised of. Because of this, WPC is especially well suited for environments where employees or patrons are constantly on their feet.


    In addition to offering more cushion when walking, the foaming agent in WPC provides more sound absorption than SPC flooring does, although many manufacturers offer an acoustic backing that can be added to SPC. WPC or SPC with acoustic backing are ideal for settings where noise reduction is key such as classrooms or office spaces.


    What's    the Difference Between Lvt Vs. Lvp?


    LVT (Luxury Vinyl Tile) and LVP (Luxury Vinyl Plank) are two different types of luxury vinyl flooring. LVT is vinyl flooring designed in a tile shape, whereas LVP is vinyl flooring designed in planks to resemble traditional hardwood floor planks.


    Here are some more details on these two wonderful luxury vinyl flooring choices…


    What's Luxury Vinyl?


    Luxury vinyl is a specific type of vinyl flooring. Old-school vinyl flooring used to be offered in sheet form only, and therefore wasn't able to mimic the realistic natural materials that luxury vinyl floors now can. Modern LVT and LVP floors are now offered in countless patterns and colors, and designed so that they appear to look almost exactly like natural materials such as wood, stone, and tile. Some LVT and LVP flooring options are even textured to appear like these materials as well. Many LVT and LVP floors even have seams for grout, and the planks can come in narrow or wide styles, as can the tiles.


    Are LVT and LVP floors waterproof?


    Yes! Both LVT and LVP floors constructed from layers of plastic, so they're waterproof, making them an ideal flooring choice for any room in your house, especially kitchens, bathrooms, and basements. LVT and LVP floors are designed to withstand moisture, heavy foot traffic, and plenty of scratches and spills.


    What's VCT flooring then?


    VCT stands for Vinyl Composite or Vinyl Composition Tile flooring. Though VCT floors are also made with some vinyl in them, unlike LVT floors, they contain less plastic and more natural materials such as limestone. Because of this, VCT floors are more porous than LVT floors, and thus they are not as waterproof and require more maintenance.


    What about Engineered Vinyl flooring?


    Engineered Vinyl flooring, or Engineered Vinyl Plank (EVP), is a subset of LVPs. EVPs are simply even more durable than many LVP options, as they're built with the strongest high-density fiberboard core, and have a rigid stone-based core. EVPs are often considered the luxury vinyl planks on the market that most closely resemble real hardwood floors, but personal preference will often determine this for you!


    What Is The Most Durable Garage Floor Covering?
Whether you use your garage as a car parking area, laundry area, or home gym, you want a floor that sustains your uses. A durable garage floor is an asset because it saves costs on floor repairs. It also gives you the freedom to maximize garage usage. A floor that sustains high traffic,    resists damage    and offers easy cleaning is crucial. While most garage floor finishes are durable, not all may match your needs. With this list of garage floor coverings, you can find the perfect floor finish. The right floor covering transforms your boring garage into a modern, inviting space.

    Epoxy is one of the most durable garage coatings. You can lay it on your concrete subfloor to liven up your garage. It provides unique colorful hues, metallic and natural stone finishes. Once dry, the epoxy forms a hardened and thick coating. This layer protects your floors from scratches, dents, chemical spills and cracks. No matter what you drop on your garage floor, the epoxy will resist damage.


    The installation process may take 3-5 days or longer, depending on the floor size. You need to find alternative parking, but it's worth the wait. A professionally installed epoxy floor serves you for 5-10 years. However, it may last longer, depending on usage. For instance, commercial garage flooring wears faster than a private garage at home.


    An epoxy floor expert prepares your floor before applying at least three coats. The preparation and layers provide the best durability. The primer is the first layer, followed by the base coat and, finally, the topcoat. As you can imagine, the finished coat is thick and hard enough to resist impact and chemicals. The base coat lets you play around with colors and designs. Lastly, the final coat gives you a smooth glossy finish.


    Epoxy is also great for commercial garage flooring because it resists wear. You can park cars and walk over the years. With a non-slip additive, the floors resist slipping to prevent injuries. The thick coating also seals cracks and imperfections. You can enjoy a durable and smooth floor finish


    Purpose of Skirting


    Skirting in some projects is an aspect of beautification and for some, it’s a method to hide the unwanted features in the interior walls. These skirting boards were known as mop boards as they protect the wall from water when the floor was mopped.     Different purposes for which skirting are installed are mentioned below:

 Hide exposed electrical wiring:    Skirting can be used to cover up the exposed electrical wires and connection that cannot be removed. Hiding these wiring under the skirting board is found more economical and practical compared to hiding under the ceiling board.Cover the gap between the walls and floors:    Some construction flops may result in unwanted gaps between the wall and the floor. Redoing such works is time-consuming and costly. One alternative is to install skirting so that the poor work is covered and cleared economically.
        
Avoids marks from furniture:    The skirting board installed has a projection that always keeps a gap between the nearby furniture and the interior wall. This way rubbing and scratching from the furniture are avoided letting the wall free of scratches. Improve Interior:    A matched and good colored skirting gives the room a finished and cleaner look. Skirting throws a professional touch to the room it is installed.

To many people, Oil Filters are a generic product. Price is the only factor considered when they choose a filter. They do look pretty much the same on the outside, but what’s inside can make a big difference.

Filter manufacturers use a variety of different filter media to keep the oil clean. Resin impregnated paper filter media has been around forever and uses cellulose fibers to trap contaminants. A high-quality paper filter element with evenly spaced pleating can provide good filtering efficiency. The typical OEM or standard replacement oil filter with cellulose fiber media will trap about 97.5 percent of most particles that are 15 to 40 microns in size or larger.
Some filters use a combination of cellulose fibers and non-woven plastic or synthetic fibers to improve filtering efficiency. The different materials may be combined together or used in a multi-layer filter element. These types of Car Oil Filters can have filtering efficiencies as high as 99.5 percent and trap up to 40 percent more contaminants with particle sizes as small as 3 to 5 microns.

One of the biggest challenges that all oil filters have to cope with today is longer service life. Though 3,000-mile oil changes are still recommended for severe service driving, OEM-recommended oil change intervals for “normal” driving today can range from 5,000 to 7,500 miles, or up to 10,000 miles or more. Many vehicles don’t even have a recommended service interval and rely instead on a “Service Reminder Light” to estimate when the oil needs to be changed. On some vehicles, the light may not come on for 12,000 to 15,000 miles depending on driving conditions! That’s a long time for an Engine Oil Filter to remain in service.
According to some sources, some of the cheapest no-name generic oil filters from China are not even lasting 3,000 miles before they plug up and go into bypass mode. All oil filters have a bypass valve that is designed to open if the filter becomes clogged. The bypass valve prevents a dangerous loss of oil pressure in such situations, but also allows dirty unfiltered oil to circulate through the engine. It’s the same as running with no oil filter at all!

Worse yet, if the Air Filter media breaks apart or fails, chunks of debris can enter oil passages and cause all kinds of problems inside the engine. Such debris can restrict or block critical oil passages causing a loss of oil pressure or engine damage.
The best advice you can give your filter customers is to buy the best oil filter that is listed for their engine — especially if they are not changing their oil for 7,500 miles or more. Many premium filters can go 10,000 miles or more. In any event, extended oil service intervals of 10,000 miles or more require both synthetic motor oil and a premium quality filter.

Car Air Filters are a must if you want your beloved car to run like a Champion. When one of your filters gets clogged, it can cause problems and affect performance. You may notice a loss of power, dirty smoke, oil light or even engine failure. In this article, we’ll look at the different filters in your car and why you need to consider car filter replacing regularly.

Get to know the filters in your car
Every car has four main filters: the cabin filter, oil filter, fuel filter and air filter. The function of all these filters is to enable flows and catch impurities: the dust and contaminants in the air, the impurities in the fuel or the dirt in the motor oil. If your Engine Air Filters are not replaced in time, they won't work properly and in the end, it could cause an impact on the mechanics. By replacing your filters, your car will be more efficient.

What is a cabin filter?
The Cabin Filter cleans the air that comes into the interior of your car through heating and air conditioning. It filters out dust, pollen and other airborne particles. If you’ve got a carbon activated cabin filter it also captures exhaust gasses and odours. Having clean air in your car is particularly important if you have any allergies or respiratory problems.

What’s a cabin air filter?
You are probably aware that your vehicle’s engine has an air filter, but did you know that your car’s HVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) system may also have one? Commonly called a cabin air filter, it performs the same duties for your HVAC system as the engine air filter does for your car’s engine.
The cabin air filter is a small pleated filter made of multi-fiber paper cotton or other engineered material. Before entering the passenger compartment, outside air is directed through this filter to trap the contaminants inside the filter and prevent them from entering the inside of your vehicle.