Why you shouldn’t wear slippers while you’re working from home
Having a presentable set of pajamas to hang around in is key—so why should your slipper game be any different? One of the biggest accessory trends of the spring 2021 season was the slipper shoe, so now is as good a time as any to complete your at-home loungewear look with a pair of luxurious slip-ons from one of these six styles of the best slippers for women.
You may have already invested in a pair of house shoes, but those who have yet to pamper themselves—and their feet!—with a warm and toasty slip-on might consider snagging one of these this holiday season. Think of it as a retreat for your feet, and there’s a handful of slipper personalities for the homebody at heart.
How about a luxurious pair of sherpa mules or plush slides, which are perfect for those with no plans to leave the house at all, or perhaps ultra-chic suede slip-ons from Khaite or Charvet—two styles so chic you’ll want to wear them out of the house.
You can also mentally escape from your home and check in to Hotel Loro Piana with its fabulously luxe checked version of the hotel-inspired slipper. Fashion maximalists might gravitate toward Bottega Veneta’s spongy bath slides, while the minimally minded would be more than happy in Everlane’s quilted duvet slippers. Or play dress-up with a pair of pom-pom-adorned smoking slippers or boudoir-inspired satin slip-ons. All of which would make equally great holiday gifts.
Whether it’s before bed, weekend mornings, or all day (we won’t judge), give your feet the comfort they deserve in one of these pairs of the best women's slippers.
You might want to give your working-from-home uniform – sweatpants on the bottom, Zoom-appropriate on top, slippers on feet – a tweak.
An expert has warned against wearing slippers day-in, day-out while working from home, suggesting your indoor shoes could damage your posture, pain, and overall health.
Eleanor Burt, also known as Posture Ellie, is a posture alignment therapist. She tells Metro.co.uk that going barefoot is the best thing you can do for your feet in lockdown.
She explains: ‘While slippers will certainly cause you fewer problems than the restrictive, supportive and heeled shoes most people wear most of the time (the majority of ‘normal’ high street shoes and trainers are all three of these things), slippers still serve a role in switching off the muscles and proprioceptors of the feet. This contributes to lazier and less balanced feet.
‘This essentially means the foundations of your body are off and this then feeds up the rest of the body and impacts how the rest of your body moves too.
‘We are all very indoctrinated into the rhetoric that our feet ‘need support’ and ‘need protection’, but actually by supporting and protecting our feet, we create extremely weak, stiff feet that don’t move as they are designed to.
‘This really has a significant impact that shouldn’t be scoffed at.
‘You know when you see older people shuffling around in their slippers, barely able to lift their feet off the floor? A big contributor to that will have been their footwear choices (and chair sitting).’
What Is a Shoe Rack?
A shoe rack is a storage unit designed for holding shoes. Shoe racks may be free-standing to place inside a closet or may be built into a closet organizer system. The right type of rack for you depends on the number of shoes you have to store and where in your home you want to store shoes.
Many people who have a large shoe collection have built-in racks in their bedroom closets. Each rack may hold several pairs of shoes. Some shoe racks are slanted wooden boards that have a strip running across the back to rest the heels of the shoes on so that the shoes are displayed for easy selection.
Other types of shoe holders are white metal stackable shelves that are either part of a closet shelving system or are a part of a free-standing rack. With the shelf type, you can just place pairs of shoes on the shelves side by side. Some kinds of shoe racks have curved wire loops that you place the shoes over.A shoe rack is an alternative to shoe boxes. Clear acrylic shoe boxes that each hold one pair of shoes can be stacked anywhere and some people prefer to use these for shoes not worn too often. Shoe boxes may be stored up high in a closet, while the racks are usually on the floor or at eye level to allow easy access to the shoes.
Why Non-woven bags is Eco- Friendly ?
Now that everyone has understood that plastic bags are non-biodegradable, the use of non-woven bags have become of primary importance. Even a non-woven bags manufacturer would tell you that it would be best to opt for these bags instead of plastic bags as they are eco-friendly. So what is exactly the reason ? Let's find out.
1) No harmful soot while burning
When you burn a normal bag, you notice there are a lot of soot and ash and also the smell of smoke. With non woven bags, there will not be any kind of toxic contaminants when you burn them. Since they are biodegradable in nature, the leftovers of the burn will get dissolved in the soil.
2) Recycle and reuse
Non-woven bags are known for this feature and you can safely use these bags over and over again.
3) Very cost effective
The simpler the bags, the better it is for the environment. Additionally, you should also consider the fact that these bags can be recycled and reused. So, even if you invest in the bag, it will be a one-time investment as you can recover the cost by reusing it.
4) Greater durability
The easiest way to understand the concept of reuse is by observing the number of times you can use the product without having to spend on something similar. Non-woven bags are just the perfect example of that. They are extremely durable making them easily reusable for further needs. Unlike plastic or other bags, the chances of these bags to wear down with age is quite slim.
The good news is that CaCO3 Filler Masterbatch can be used for Non-woven bags, which can be added up to 65%, help to reduce resin significantly.
Many major cities and corporations are cracking down and banning plastic bags in an effort to reduce pollution and save our oceans. But is that really the best approach? While plastic bags are “almost certainly the worst” of all options in terms of ocean pollution, according to Quartz, the issue gets a little murkier when you take other environmental issues into consideration.
As it turns out, canvas bags might be less eco-friendly than plastic bags because they’re often made of cotton, which requires more energy and water to produce. According to one study from 2011, a cotton bag’s carbon footprint is 598.6 pounds of CO2, compared to 3.48 pounds for a standard plastic bag made from high-density polyethylene. Researchers concluded that it might actually be better to reuse those plastic bags you get from the supermarket, then recycle them once they’re no longer viable.
Similarly, a 2018 recent study from Denmark found that low-density polyethylene bags wreaked the least damage on the planet of all the different types of bag studied. (However, it’s important to note that ocean pollution was not taken into account in that particular study, and that plastic can still severely harm marine life and ecosystems.) Representatives of Denmark's Ministry of Environment and Food determined that conventional cotton bags would have to be reused 7100 times to match the cumulative environmental performance of a plastic bag. Organic cotton bags are even worse, because those would need to be reused 20,000 times.
Backpacks were once considered casual and suited only for travel or for students who needed to lug books by the kilos. It was a hard-working bag meant for the wearer’s comfort.

But as offices become more mobile with laptops and assorted gadgetry (chargers, tabs, power banks and mobile phones), a backpack has become the goto workbag. Add to this the rise of a casual corporate culture, where athleisure is kosher at the workplace and sneakers are subbing in for high heels for women and dress shoes for men, and backpacks are strictly formal now.

Making and selling backpacks and travel bags — of burlap and vegan leather — is how Samriddh Burman, Karuna Parikh and Rewant Lokesh of Kolkata came together to start The Burlap People.

SHOULD YOU BUY PLASTIC PENS OR METAL PENS?

Pens offer a useful and cost-effective way to promote your business, organization or event. Unlike sticky note cards or can coolie, pens slip into a person's pocket and see constant use.
Plus, using pens to take notes actually helps people remember pertinent details.
Of course, even buying pens can prove a process filled with decisions. One of the main choices you'll face is whether to get metal pens or plastic pens.
Both kinds are readily available and have pros and cons.
So let's jump in and see if we can't make choosing a little easier for you.
COST OF METAL PENS
Most people jump to cost as the first factor in their decision making, so we'll start there.
On a per pen basis, you can get a basic plastic pen for around $0.44 and a metal pen for about $1.22. The catch is that most companies only sell in bulk and insist on minimum order quantities. 100 pens is a fairly standard minimum order size.
So your base cost for 100 pens will run around $44 for plastic and $122 for metal ones. At close to three times the cost, metal loses this battle. That's assuming that price is the only concern.
Plastic makes sense if a business owner just wants something her employees can write with that has the business name on it. Shelling out three times the cost doesn't make any sense.
When cost isn't the primary concern, metal often makes more sense because the pens offer better durability. Say you're throwing a retirement party. Then you might opt for metal so your colleagues will have a keepsake to remember you by.
PURPOSE
The intended purpose of the pens also plays a role in the plastic vs metal pen decisions.
For example, pens make a good promotional object to send out in mailers. They're small, light and fit in most size envelopes. You can put your logo, business name and website address on it.
If you plan to send out 50-100 mailers to affluent leads, it's practical to pay the extra for economical metal pen. It creates a subliminal connection between your business and quality without putting a hurt on your wallet.
If you plan to send out 5000 mailers to promote a sale at a retail outlet, plastic pens are far more practical. There's no need to create the subliminal connection. Retail products are commodity products, so there's no prestige issue.
Using the per pen cost from above, metal would run you $6100 to plastic's $2200. Saving close to four grand on a retail sales promotion is the smart move.
A different scenario is if you're buying pens for your personal use. Most people develop preferences for particular styles and materials in their pens.
Some people prefer the heft of a fountain pen or a good metal one. Other people like cheap plastic ones they can lose without feeling bad. In those cases, comfort should drive your choice.
BRANDING
Strong businesses constantly seek ways to help cement their brands in customer minds. A brand is a strange combination of story, text, visual cues, and abstract ideas.
The text and visual cues often go hand-in-hand, such as pairing up brand specific colors and taglines or logos. You've probably seen this in action with promo items that slap a logo onto a brand-color coffee cup.
You can do the same thing using pens.
This can prove a little hit or miss. The company you want to buy from may not have the exact shade of blue you use or may not offer color combos. Your logo and slogan offer salvation here.
The whole point is to provide enough cues to trigger brand recall in the person. Pairing your logo and slogan with your business name a close color should prove enough to remind them of you.
The more often someone gets reminded of your business, the faster they'll recall it when they need your services.
The metal vs plastic pen debate comes up a draw here. It all boils down to which material you think sends the right brand message.
A store that sells magic tricks won't get much brand mileage out of metal pens. An investment firm might lose brand value from plastic pens.
IMPRESSION
An area of concern that's related to branding is impression building.
Let's say that you're a young lawyer. You got hired by a respectable, but unremarkable law firm. There are two levels of branding at work now.
The firm has a brand that it wants to support and largely expects you to support. Within reason, you need to operate inside those expectations.
Then there is your personal brand. It's entirely possible that you want your brand to be distinct from the firm's brand.
Let's say that the firm issues plastic pens with firm's name on it to everyone. Those send the message of practical and affordable.
A simple way to set your brand apart from firm's brand is to order metal pens with your name and the firm's name on it. That sends the impression that you offer a higher level of quality.
A tactic like that keeps you inside the bounds of the firm's branding. At the same time, it lets you start creating a separate brand identity of your own.
On the other hand, let's say you work at a business that doesn't use branded pens. Plastic pens that note your name, position and phone number set you apart without stepping on the business brand.
For impression building, the choice between metal pens and plastic pens is all about context. You want to offer something that makes you a little more memorable without stepping on toes.
PARTING THOUGHTS ON PLASTIC VS METAL PENS
The choice between plastic and metal pens doesn't offer many certain answers.
If the price is the final deciding factor, plastic pens will always be cheaper. If a feeling of quality is the deciding factor, metal typically wins. Beyond that, the decision becomes a matter evaluating the context.
You need to consider which material sends the right message for the audience. Does it support your personal branding effort? Does the perceived benefit of one material outweigh the difference in cost?
Once you can answer those questions, though, you should know which to buy.
Ballpoint Pen
A ballpoint pen is a writing instrument which features a tip that is automatically refreshed with ink. It consists of a precisely formed metal ball seated in a socket below a reservoir of ink. As the pen is moved along a writing surface, ink is delivered. Even though ballpoint pens were first patented in the late nineteenth century, they only started to reach commercial significance in the early 1950s. Now, ballpoint pens dominate the writing instrument market, selling over one hundred million pens each year worldwide.
History

While the idea of a ballpoint pen had been around for many years, it took three different inventors and almost 60 years to develop this modern writing instrument. The first patent for this invention was issued on October 30, 1888, to a man named John J. Loud. His ballpoint pen consisted of a tiny rotating ball bearing that was constantly coated with ink by a reservoir above it. While this invention worked, it was not well suited for paper because it leaked and caused smearing. Two other inventors, Ladislas Biro and his brother Georg, improved on Loud's invention and patented their own version, which became the first commercially significant ballpoint pen. These pens still leaked, but not as badly. They became popular worldwide, reaching the height of sales in 1944. The next year another inventor, Baron Marcel Bich, finally solved the leakage problem and began manufacturing Bic pens in Paris. Over the years, many improvements have been made in the technology and quality of the various parts of the pen, such as the ink, the ball, the reservoir, and the body.
Background

The ballpoint pen was developed as a solution to the problems related to writing with a fountain pen. Fountain pens require the user to constantly refresh the pen by dipping its tip in ink. This is not necessary with a ballpoint pen because it is designed with its own ink reservoir, which uses capillary action to keep the ink from leaking out. At the tip of the pen is a freely rotating ball seated in a socket. Only part of this ball is exposed; the rest of it is on the inside of the pen and is constantly being bathed by ink from the reservoir. Pressing the tip of the pen on the writing surface causes the ball to roll. This rolling action then transfers ink from the inside of the pen to the writing surface.
While different designs of ballpoint pens are available, many of the components are the same. Common components include a ball, a point, ink, an ink reservoir or cartridge, and an outer housing. Some pens are topped with a cap to prevent it from leaking or having its point damaged. Other pens use a retractable point system for the same reason. Here a small spring is attached to the outside of the ink reservoir, and when a button is pushed, the point is either exposed or retracted. Still other varieties of ballpoint pens have multiple ink cartridges, making it possible to write in different colors using one pen. Other pens have refillable ink cartridges. One type of pen has a pressurized cartridge that enables the user to write underwater, over grease, and in space.
Raw Materials

A variety of raw materials are used for making the components of a ballpoint pen, including metals, plastics, and other chemicals. When ballpoint pens were first developed, an ordinary steel ball was used. That ball has since been replaced by a textured tungsten carbide ball. This material is superior because it is particularly resistant to deforming. The ball is designed to be a perfect sphere that can literally grip most any writing surface. Its surface is actually composed of over 50,000 polished surfaces and pits. The pits are connected by a series of channels that are continuous throughout the entire sphere. This design allows the ink to be present on both the surface and interior of the ball.
The points of most ballpoint pens are made out of brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. This material is used because of its strength, resistance to corrosion, appealing appearance, and ability to be easily formed. Other parts, like the ink cartridge, the body, or the spring can also be made with brass. Aluminum is also used in some cases to make the pen body, and stainless steel can be used to make pen components. Precious metals such as gold, silver, or platinum are plated onto more expensive pens.
The ink can be specially made by the pen manufacturer. To be useful in a plastic ballpen, the ink must be slightly thick, slow drying in the reservoir, and free of particles. These characteristics ensure that the ink continues to flow to the paper without clogging the ball. When the ink is on the paper, rapid drying occurs via penetration and some evaporation. In an ink formulation, various pigments and dyes are used to provide the color. Other materials, such as lubricants, surfactants, thickeners, and preservatives, are also incorporated. These ingredients are typically dispersed in materials such as oleic acid, castor oil, or a sulfonamide plasticizer.
A little about the plastic in our pens
With pens it's hard to avoid not using plastic, so we've done our research and made sure that the plastic we use has the least damage to the environment. An eco pen club pen is up to 85% less plastic than a traditional pen.
Our plastic is safe & easy to recycle
The majority of plant-based plastics who claim to be 'biodegradable' only break down in very strict conditions. Our plastic can be placed in household recycling bins.
Our plastic is easy to sort in recycling plants
Plant-based plastics (which we don't use) are not easy to sort in recycling plants and shouldn't be put in mixed plastic recycling bins.

Why One Should Go For Outdoor LED Screen Rental
The rental led display screen is becoming popular day by day because of its features such as brightness, ambiance, and long-range visibility. Are you wondering to rent an LED screen for entertainment? If yes, then let me tell you, this article is dedicated to you.
Today we are going to discuss the benefits of renting an LED screen. The overview of today’s article is listed below. Note it down away!
Easy to set up
Brightness
They are reliable
Let us discuss them in detail:
Easy to set up: LED screens are not only easier to set up but also turn on fast. It is best for the businesses who want to give their visitors the best outdoor experience but with little effort.
Brightness:Commercial LED display doesn’t suffer from a decrease in vibrancy. It attracts the attention of visitors due to its bright color.
They are reliable: Regardless of the weather condition, a high-quality outdoor LED screen rental will be able to withstand tough weather conditions such as heavy rain and winds. They will even display crystal clear pictures and sound that your audience will enjoy.
If both answers are definite, I recommend you read this article so that you know what you need to consider for the indoor rental led display for events.
First of all, it is to differentiate between outdoor or indoor LED screens and LED screens with LED feedback. LCD screens are like computer monitors, while LED screens for events are panels of light-emitting diodes that can form words, images and videos. An example is the panels that you can find on the stage of a concert or the information panels of the highways.
But what quality can these screens offer?
The quality of these electronic LED signs is perfectly valid for events, both indoors and outdoors. In the different activities and shows, the LED screens, which are generally large, work as video walls but with higher quality, brightness and brightness. Without a doubt, they will capture the attention of all the spectators. If you are thinking of preparing a fair or a congress, the indoor rental led display is a wise option, since you can reproduce all the content of your company, from videos to graphics animations and high-resolution videos.
What screen should we choose?
There are several aspects that we must take into account when choosing an appropriate screen or, otherwise, our event may not have all the success we expect. The first thing to determine is whether we need indoor or outdoor LED displays. The second thing we have to know is the distance between the screen and the viewers. The higher the distance, the greater the screen surface. A three-meter screen located in height is not the same as a smaller screen located one meter away from the public. The resolution of the screen, that is, the distance between the LEDs is different, and with this, the sharpness of the image varies.
Another aspect that you must choose is the type of protection that the screen will have, in the case that it is an external event, so that it does not suffer damage and to guarantee, at the same time, the correct visibility by all the spectators.
Besides, we cannot forget the complementary equipment, such as projectors and mandatory auxiliary equipment that are necessary to achieve optimum reproduction of the images.
Usually, companies are specializing in the indoor rental led display, transport and mount them adapting to the needs of each client and scheduled event. Therefore, the only thing that the organizing company or the final customer should worry about knows what they want to communicate and project. Leaving in the hands of professionals the advice first and the execution later, you have to worry about focusing the content and thus guarantee the success of the event.
How Indoor Fixed LED Display Benefits You
The indoor fixed LED display is such a display that it is immovable, fastened. And it fixed at a particular place in such a position that it cannot move on its own. These LED displays are also a great source of advertisement using indoor as well as outdoor applications. In the article, we will discuss how an indoor fixed LED display benefits you thoroughly. These LED displays are usually made up of individual panels that impact a brighter display. Moreover, these LED panels are a form of lighting used for basic illumination and various fulguration tasks.
It does not matter whether you mean to present a standard, basic and straightforward color message or a vast, effectual or dynamic electronic message. An indoor led display will provide you with enough options to share your brand message to the targeted audience and masses.
These panels are suitable for small, minute displays or can be used in large-screen displays. There are different panels in the category of LED displays, such as conventional LEDs, surface-mounted panels, and others. However, most indoor LED displays are made on the principle of mounted panels which provides them uniqueness. A major proportion of indoor LED displays use SMD technology.
The SMD LED Display technology is generally used to create a brighter and colorful impact and create a backdrop of design. They make a more vibrant effect than normal LCD screens.
Before we further get into the details about the indoor fixed LED displays obtaining favor and acceptance from the people for being contemporary and distinctive, we must know what actually these indoor LED displays are, what makes them significant from others, and how it really benefits you.

What is an indoor fixed LED display?
The indoor fixed LED display is a screen made up of high-quality material for exhibiting and presenting various demonstrations. In other words, a LED display is a video display screen and a fine ornament to the area where it is kept, whether it be an office room or any other area. It is usually installed and supported using a standard iron cabinet with a durable build and lightweight.

Indoor LED displays are one of the most straightforward screens to install. The LED display is carefully developed with high quality, and versatile brand SMD LED chip. As mentioned above, due to this SMD chip technology, the luminescence and brightness of the screen increase drastically while providing a better, colorful, sharper and more evident impact than any other LED displays.

The highly reliable SMD technology is popularly known for its super-wide viewing angle for the LED screen. Moreover, there are numerous benefits of the MSD technology that makes the indoor LED display stand out in the crowd, such as higher contrast ratio, stable video deliverance, vibrant non-flickering images, high quality and vivid color performance. And it has higher refresh rate, high pixel density, super uniformity in color and most importantly, it is meager budget.

The indoor fixed LED displays are made to be highly transportable and convenient to place anywhere. You can easily set these LED displays in gyms, stores, meeting rooms, airports, banks, hotels, hospitals, nurseries, supermarkets, conference rooms, or even in the theaters, etc.

How indoor fixed LED display benefits you?

In this rapidly developing world, innovative and efficient projects are taking over. Similarly, with the constant upheaval and progress of technology, betterment and improvement in visual technologies can also be seen. The best example of fast progression in visual technology is the LED displays. It has now become quite profitable and rewarding to own a LED display, whether indoor or outdoor. Nobody ever thought that with these LED displays sharing information with audiences can get this convenient.

LED screens are a tremendous encouraging source that can help boost your business by advertisement and displaying. However, it is also crucial to know that the LED screens are only viewed from a shorter distance than outdoor LED display screens.
Aside from that, some of the benefits of using indoor LED displays are as follows:

1. Thin and light panel:
The indoor LED display is mainly developed to be portable. Therefore, it has a thin and lightweight panel that makes transportation quick, convenient, and straightforward. The indoor fixed LED display can be easily placed on a cabinet that has a sturdy structure.

2. Better visibility:
The indoor LED display can offer many purposes with increased and better visibility. It uses high-quality technology the increases the sharpness, picture resolution and provides better pixels for remarkable visual deliverance. These display screens also hold the ability to view the action from different angles. The LED display comes with ultimate clarity and vibrancy that it can be additionally used in a concert, conference, any festival, or special occasion.
3. Seamless connection:
The LED displays are so widely used and needed that the innovation in the display field is unstoppable. With the increased demand for indoor LED displays, improvements were made rapidly. However, the most common drawbacks of the indoor LED display were the brightness and seams. Therefore, when you put the Uniview LED display screen collectively as an enormous LED video wall with a larger modular size of LED and brightness variations, you have an ideal choice for a seamless connection. It ultimately results in decreased video glitches.
4. Safe installation and maintenance:
The indoor LED display is effortless to install and maintain. It is made in a way to install and maintain it safely. The LED display is usually established by removing four corners modules. Thus, the LED display’s whole thickness is basically the thickness of the cabinet.
In terms of maintenance, all the parts of the LED display can be maintained, for example, power supply, receiving cards, LED modules, and cables, with the magnets attached to the LED’s backside’s modules.
5. Flexibility size:
The high-quality indoor fixed LED display screens to offer the option of flexibility in their size whether you want a display that is square or rectangular, small or large, flat or curved. All the sizes of these LED screens are attainable by requiring size or shapes. A lot of such indoor fixed LED display screens are good heat dissipated and customizable, and lightweight.
6. Versatility:
The LED displays are versatile and the only electronic product that does not need extra protection, effort, and hassle to be installed. It develops a significant focus of the people on the big screen. It also creates a better reputation and publicly announces your product, brand, or business by a constant presentation.
7. Highly durable:
Usually, LED displays are made up of durable materials such as solid plastic for increasing the screens’ durability more than the standard and common lighting resources present around. These LED screens are not made up of thin layered glass. Thus, they are not prone to frequent breakage. Furthermore, the LEDs can last about 100 000 hours.
8. Good value of money:
The indoor fixed LED display is a good value of money. It is because it offers a variety of benefits and is a long-lasting product. It consumes and wastes less energy and is very easy to install and maintain. The size of the LED display is customizable, which makes it even convenient for the buyer.

Hallo zusammen, 


ich bin gerade auf der Suche nach einem Geschenk für meinen Bruder, der bald 27 Jahre alt wird. Da wir seit unserer Kindheit den alten Streich gemacht haben, uns gegenseitig wie Köche aussehen zu lassen, überlege ich ihm solch einen Kochoutfit zu kaufen. Ob das ein gutes Geschenk ist, weiß ich nicht so recht... aber ich bin auch nicht gerade der beste Geschenkekäufer. Was ihr schon sehen könnt xD

Ich habe diese Website gefunden, die so etwas verkauft. 
Vielleicht könnte ich sowas wie ein Bündel machen und es bestellen... 

Gibt es noch andere Websites, die ihr mir empfehlen könnt? 

Danke!

Intelligent Injection Molding on Sensing, Optimization, and Control
The term quality has become a “catch all” term used in describing the various characteristics of an object. It is nearly impossible to define the term consistency. The quality is any particular or specific characteristics of a product development design object that contains or relates information about the object. This is primarily a chunk of geometry distinguished by its ability to perform a function with one or more other. In this primary processing conditions are studied from concept development to manufacturing of the product. Effect of different factors studied on the basis of processing parameters. Since quality and productivity are the two important contradictory objectives in any machining process. Some extent of quality has to be compromised while assurance giving for high productivity. Similarly productivity will be decreased while the efforts are channelized to enhance quality. To ensure high quality and productivity, it is necessary to optimize machining parameters. Various responses of quality of injection moulding process has been studied on the basis of performance parameters and methods. This paper aims to present plastic injection moulding process conditions. The processing conditions satisfied quality based product manufacturing.

Temperature control prevents quality issues such as shrinkage, warping and stresses from developing in the injection-molding processes.
From manufacturing personal items like toys and toothbrushes to industrial parts like plastics utilized in automobiles, injection molding is one of the most relevant manufacturing techniques in use today. This article will define what injection molding is, outline the steps involved, and explain the need for temperature control in the process.

Injection molding is a specialized manufacturing technique used for fabricating plastic parts and items. It allows for the mass production of several thousand — or even millions — of identical parts of a specific dimension and quality.

Plastic injection molding involves injecting molten plastic into a mold (or cavity), which defines its molded part’s shape after it solidifies. The basic requirements for the process are the injection-molding machine, raw plastic material and the mold.

The injection-molding machine consists of a hopper, through which pelletized plastics are fed into the machine; a heating barrel with a reciprocating screw; and an injection nozzle. The most common thermoplastics utilized in injection molding are nylon (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Molds used can be single- or double-cavity type, depending on the application.

Tooling Investment Costs. When a electric car mould part is being manufactured for the first time, the design is first prototyped with a test material to ensure accuracy using techniques such as 3D printing or CNC machining. The mold tool is made of steel or aluminum material and must be designed to precise dimensions.

Prototyping and Testing. With injection molding, manufacturing companies must carry out extensive testing and prototyping of the entire system using replicas. Any subsequent modifications to the final design will require either modifying the tools or scrapping them completely — both of which could add significant costs to the production budget.

Size and Thickness Limitations. Because injection-molding machines and molds typically have limited sizes, injection molding may not be suitable for designing large plastic parts. Also, injection molding tends to create mostly molded parts of a uniform thickness. This characteristic may be undesirable to some manufacturers that require variation in this aspect. This is because injection-molded parts must be created with a sufficient wall thickness (at least 1 mm) to prevent problems with filling the mold.

Many manufacturers use cooling tower water to cool the small channels within the mold with a temperature regulator attached to the injection-molding machine, regulating its temperature. While this technique is effective and incurs a lower operating cost, the mold will be prone to contamination. Cooling towers are open-loop systems. By contrast, an industrial chiller can be used to regulate the temperature via closed-loop cooling, ensuring a higher degree of product purity.

When plastics for the injection-molding process are being heated and mixed inside a machine, a specific temperature limit must be maintained as the temperature of the process will directly impact the quality of the final mixture.

If the temperature is too low, the components may not mix properly. Alternately, when the temperature is too high, the mixture might become burned. Thus, there is typically an ideal point, or a prescribed temperature at which the process must be maintained.

Mold Temperature. The temperature of the precision mold is another essential consideration that affects the quality of the injection-molded part. Getting the best quality mold is a balance between heating the mixture sufficiently to create a homogeneous mixture and cooling it down at an ideal rate. Anything else would be undercooling or overcooling.

Undercooling and Overcooling Issues. Improper polymer flow is a direct consequence of under- or overcooling issues in plastic injection mould. When the mixture is not cooled sufficiently, it may not solidify completely before being ejected. This may leave residual plastic in the mold.

Conversely, excessive cooling causes a lack of uniformity in the plastic material. This may cause further problems down the line such as shearing, cracking and cavities that do not fill up completely. Maintaining the mold temperature at a set temperature will yield the most optimum results.

Temperature Control with an Industrial Chiller System
Close tolerance temperature control units can be used with industrial chiller systems to provide close temperature tolerances for process water. When combined with a compatible and suitably sized industrial chiller, the temperature control unit can maintain the process temperatures at ±0.5°F of the set 33°F value, ensuring a stable injection-molding process without catastrophic freezing failures.

The close tolerance temperature control units come in varying flow variations and configurations and standard models have a pump and heat exchanger with a jacketed tank or a heat exchanger.

Plastic moulding is the process of pouring liquid plastic into a certain container or mould so that it hardens in that customized shape. These plastic moulds can then be used for a wide range of purposed. There are 5 types of plastic moulding that is considered to be the most effective and most popular. 

These 5 types are extrusion moulding, compression moulding, blow moulding, injection moulding and rotational moulding. We will look at the details pertaining to each of these methods so that you can decide which one will be the most effective for you to use.

1. Extrusion Moulding
With extrusion moulding, hot melted plastic is pressed through a shaped hole to create a lengthy shaped plastic part. This customizable shape that the liquid plastic gets pressed through is called a die. This die is custom made for the particular outcome that is desired. It is almost like pressing dough through a press to make shaped cookies.

The other forms of plastic moulding also use extrusion so get the raw liquid into the commodity mould, the difference here is that other methods use the moulds to make the desired shape and here the extrusion itself is making the shape with the use of the die’s shape. 

When using this method your outcome product will continuously have the same shape along the length of it. These can be things like straws or PVC pipes. These types of parts can be made at very high volumes because it can just keep producing the same shape without end.
In comparison, this type of moulding is low cost because the equipment is fairly simple and can have high productivity. The downside to this method is that you are very boxed in when it comes to the variety of parts you can make.

Injection molding is one of the most significant material processing methods for mass production of plastic products. It is widely used in various industry sectors, and its products are ubiquitous in our daily life. The settings and optimization of the injection molding process dictate the geometric precision and mechanical properties of the final products. Therefore, sensing, optimization, and control of the injection molding process have a crucial influence on product quality and have become an active research field with abundant literature. This paper defines the concept of intelligent injection molding as the integral application of these three procedures—sensing, optimization, and control. This paper reviews recent studies on methods for the detection of relevant physical variables, optimization of process parameters, and control strategies of machine variables in the molding process. Finally, conclusions are drawn to discuss future research directions and technologies, as well as algorithms worthy of being explored and developed.

The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) has reported that, in the United States, the plastics industry is the third largest manufacturing industry. In 2017, the US plastics industry accounted for $432.32 billion in annual shipments and directly employed nearly one million people [1]. Hence, the plastics industry has a large contribution to the nation’s economy. Plastics are now among the most widely used materials and their use covers the entire spectrum of industries worldwide [2]. Injection molding is regarded as the most important and efficient process used to manufacture plastic products. It accounts for approximately 80% of the plastic merchandise in the modern plastics industry [2], and as such, it is one of the important pillars of the manufacturing industry. As a highly complicated process, plastic injection molding can be divided into three stages: filling, packing, and cooling. During the entire process, the polymer is subject to large and dynamic changes in pressure and temperature. The whole process is complicated because the process variables are strongly coupled and hard to analyze accurately. For now, manufacturing of qualified products by injection molding still mainly relies on manual operation and trial-and-error methods [3–5]. Obviously, this traditional approach has disadvantages of low production efficiency, poor reliability and repeatability, and dependence on prior experience. Therefore, it is imperative and crucial to develop an advanced injection molding method that is science based and technology oriented.

Recently, much attention has been focused on intelligent (smart) manufacturing, which represents an in-depth integration of next-generation artificial intelligence (AI) technology and advanced manufacturing technology. It runs through every link in the full life cycle of design, production, product, and service [6]. Intelligent injection molding refers to the production process that employs AI technology—such as extracting information from production, computer optimization methods, and control strategies—to develop an online production optimization system. Through the comprehensive use of sensing, optimization, and control methods, the intelligent injection molding production process can increase production efficiency and product quality.

During the production process, when material and mold are preselected, an intelligent injection molding method is required to obtain high quality and stable production. As shown in Figure 1, intelligent injection molding contains three phases—sensing, optimization, and control—all of which are interrelated. Process sensing is first needed to realize real-time detection of variables from the injection-molding process and further on to diagnose and guide the manufacturing process. Moreover, optimal process parameters should be determined by process optimization since it is the key to obtaining high-quality injection molded products with high precision. Finally, sufficient machine control accuracy and repeatability—which means robust control over machine parameters—are required. Furthermore, advanced control strategies will help to conserve energy in manufacturing [7]. Integrating these three phases into an effective online quality control model, which is the section in the dotted-line frame in Figure 1, is one of the major goals of intelligent injection molding. It has attracted extensive attentions from many researchers in the field of injection molding.

In a 2005 review article, injection molding control [8] after process setup was classified into three levels—machine control, process control, and quality control. Due to the lack of quality sensors and the process and quality relationship model, there is a potential opportunity for advancement in the optimization and control of the product quality in injection molding. Moreover, with further development of science and technology in injection molding, and the fact that there has been very little review of process sensing, this paper aims to review and summarize the research on intelligent injection molding in recent years. It will focus on sensing, optimization, and control so that readers will be able to obtain useful information and an overview of the intelligent injection molding process. This paper is outlined as follows. Section 1 provides a brief introduction of intelligent injection molding. Sections 2, 3, and 4 discuss sensing, optimization, and control methods for the injection molding process and present up-to-date developments in these fields. The last section provides a summary of and future directions for intelligent injection molding.

The sensing of the injection molding process is focused on the temperature, pressure, position, speed, etc., which reflect the physical state of the process. Temperature and pressure are the two fundamental physical variables that are the most important in the injection molding process. Furthermore, among various sensing technologies, temperature and pressure sensors are the most well developed and the most widely utilized. By means of sensing the temperature and pressure, one can obtain abundant information about the mold and polymer melt. With continuing technology development, some new methods have emerged in the field of injection molding. Some of them are capable of characterizing more variables besides temperature, pressure, position, and speed. This section will briefly introduce the conventional and emerging methods used in injection molding processes and the up-to-date research progress. Finally, a conclusion and analysis will be put forward and discussed.

The science of street lights: what makes people feel safe at night
Winter is coming: the nights are drawing in and in the Northern Hemisphere the hours of darkness already outnumber the hours of daylight. Research has shown that darkness produces a big fall in the number of people out walking – and a major reason for this is that people feel less safe walking in the dark.

There may be an evolutionary explanation for why people feel less safe at night – we can’t see as well, and this may have exposed our ancestors to greater threat from predators. Nowadays, it’s not so much the prospect of being eaten by a savage beast that concerns would-be pedestrians, but the fear of being mugged or victimised.

Some studies suggest that new outdoor lighting can reduce crime rates in an area, but there is conflicting evidence on this. A large review of research found a link between new lighting and reduced crime rates, but improvements were seen in daylight as well as darkness, suggesting that solar led street light is not the only factor. This review has also been criticised by other researchers, and a large statistical analysis found no link between crime rates and switching off or dimming street lighting at night.

Street lights may or may not have an effect on crime, but one thing’s for sure – brighter levels of light do make people feel safer when walking at night. This can lead to a significant increase in the number of minutes people spend walking each week. It can also reduce the number of people who avoid leaving their homes at night, reduce social isolation, improve physical and mental well-being and increase community pride.

Street lighting can improve the quality of neighbourhood life by making people feel safer – but, even so, it would be unwise to flood our streets with light at night. Street lighting costs money: the UK’s annual bill is estimated at around £220m. Artificial light at night may also have a negative impact on wildlife and the natural world, for example by stunting the growth of frogs and toads and preventing them from laying their eggs.

The skyglow from street lights also means we rarely get to see the true wonder of the night sky, frustrating astronomers and limiting our appreciation of the natural environment. For these reasons, lighting should be used selectively and efficiently – and this requires good guidance to help those responsible for installing and maintaining our street lighting.

The guidelines for street lighting in the UK and many other countries are currently based on questionable evidence. That’s why our lighting research group at the University of Sheffield undertook a programme of research to find out how lighting relates to feelings of reassurance after dark, and improve the evidence on which lighting guidelines are based.

Illuminating evidence
In one recent experiment, we asked people to walk along a number of streets in the city of Sheffield at night and rate how safe they felt. We also asked these people to walk and rate the streets in the day, to create a baseline measure of safety and to account for biases that may occur if safety ratings were taken only after dark.

The difference in safety ratings between the day and night walks told us something about the lighting on that street – the smaller the difference between day and dark ratings, the safer people felt due to the lighting. We compared our participants’ different ratings against measures of the lighting on each street, including the average illuminance (amount of light falling on the street surface) and uniformity (how evenly spread out the lighting was).

Today, average illuminance is the main measure used when installing and evaluating led street light. But we found that, while increasing average illuminance was linked with improved feelings of safety, uniformity was more important for making people feel safe. So it might be more important to have evenly distributed lighting, rather than bright lighting, to make people feel safer.

Local authorities are undergoing major changes to their lighting, as they replace the traditional orange sodium lamps with new LED lighting. These new LEDs are more energy efficient, which saves taxpayers’ money. They also give councils greater control over the lighting they provide, for example by dimming and switching off when there are no pedestrians about.

Used properly, street lights can improve people’s lives and help neighbourhoods come alive at night. But there’s still a lot to discover about how people respond to street lighting and the impacts it has on society and the environment – experiments such as these can help to light the way.

Financial and carbon reduction incentives have prompted many local authorities to reduce AIO Solar LED Street Light at night. Debate on the public health implications has centred on road accidents, fear of crime and putative health gains from reduced exposure to artificial light. However, little is known about public views of the relationship between reduced street lighting and health. We undertook a rapid appraisal in eight areas of England and Wales using ethnographic data, a household survey and documentary sources. Public concern focused on road safety, fear of crime, mobility and seeing the night sky but, for the majority in areas with interventions, reductions went unnoticed. However, more private concerns tapped into deep-seated anxieties about darkness, modernity ‘going backwards’, and local governance. Pathways linking lighting reductions and health are mediated by place, expectations of how localities should be lit, and trust in local authorities to act in the best interests of local communities.

Electric street lighting has been a feature of urban and suburban settlement since the end of the nineteenth century. Indeed, the electrification of lighting has in many ways defined the modern city, in extending the visibility of its public spaces, inhabitants and itinerants beyond the hours of natural daylight (Martland, 2002, Otter, 2002) and changing the meanings of the night for city dwellers (Schlör, 1998). However, in many areas of England and Wales, as in other countries, the taken-for-granted assumption that streets and public spaces will be lit at night has been disrupted in recent years. Many local authorities responsible for LED Street Lighting Solar have reduced street lighting at night, a policy primarily driven by requirements to reduce costs and carbon emissions under the Climate Change Act 2008 (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DeFRA), 2011), but also with considerations of contributing to reductions in environmental light pollution (The Royal Commission of Environmental Light Pollution, 2009). A rapid growth of technological innovations over the last 20 years has enabled greater control over the colour, intensity and switching on schedules of public lighting stock (Shaw, 2014a), and local lighting authorities across England and Wales have adopted a wide range of interventions. These include: removing, or switching off lanterns in street light columns (‘switch off’); reducing the number of hours that they are switched on (‘part-night lighting’); replacing sodium lanterns by ‘white’ LED light; and ‘dimming’ lanterns through centrally managed systems. Some of these interventions reduce the amount, or duration of, artificial light at night. Switch off and part-night lighting result in dark streets which were once lit, at least for some of the night time hours.

Changes which reduce lighting, particularly ‘switch off’ and part-night lighting in urban areas, have attracted considerable public and media concern, centring on crime, fear of crime, perceptions of safety, and road safety. These are all important determinants of health and wellbeing: directly in the case of road safety; and indirectly, in that fear of crime, for instance, has multiple pathways that impact on mental health (Lorenc et al., 2012). To date, empirical research on fear of crime and perceptions of safety have focused largely on improvements to lighting, with the assumption that more lighting will improve security, and reduce fear of crime (Lorenc et al., 2013). However, empirical findings on the impact of improved lighting on perceptions of crime, personal security and road injury have been mixed, with no clear conclusions on how increased lighting does improve these health outcomes (Atkins et al., 1991, Painter and Farrington, 1997; Pain et al., 2006). A systematic review of the effects of increased street lighting on crime (Welsh and Farrington, 2008), including 13 controlled before and after studies, concluded that improved street lighting in public spaces did not reduce crimes at night any more than was observed during the day. The authors suggest that the protective mechanism of street lighting may therefore act more through increasing pride in the locality or social control, rather than directly increasing surveillance to deter crime. As Koskela and Pain (2000), suggest, ‘fear of crime’ is a complex outcome of the political and social meanings of space, including gendered meanings, and is unlikely to be deterministically tied to isolated environmental conditions such as public lighting. On road traffic injuries, Beyer and Ker’s (2009) systematic review also noted the poor methodological quality of research to date, and suggested more high quality evaluations were needed to adequately determine the effectiveness of street lighting for reducing the incidence of road traffic injury.

If research on how improved lighting impacts on health outcomes is inconclusive, that on reduced lighting is almost non-existent. There are no good grounds for assuming that the removal of a public good will have the reverse effects to those of providing or improving it. In addition, there are some rather different health outcomes that become the focus of reductions in artificial lighting. These relate to how reductions might mitigate the negative health impacts some have claimed from a growth in, and changing frequencies of, artificial light in the environment (Hölker et al., 2010, Falchi et al., 2011). Although the evidence base to date is weak (Vohra, 2013), a growing concern with light pollution as a potential hazard to health draws on studies of animals (Shuboni and Yan, 2010) and shift workers to identify disruptions in circadian rhythms and endocrine processes, which can affect sleep (Navara and Nelson, 2007) and, theoretically, health outcomes such anxiety, depression, obesity and even cancer incidence (Pauley, 2004, Fonken et al., 2009, McFadden et al., 2014). Broader public health concerns also include the more existential wellbeing effects of being able to see the night sky, and longer term environmental impacts of reduced carbon emissions (Claudio, 2009). The amount, and quality, of light at night has thus become a public health as well as political issue.

There have been some qualitative studies of public views of street lighting, identifying mixed and reflective views on the relationship between light and fear of crime, for instance (Pain et al., 2006). To date, though, there has been little research that directly addresses public views on the possible relationships between street lighting reductions and health more generally. To address this gap, this study therefore aimed to explore public views of the potential health and wellbeing impacts of reduced street lighting. We aimed to explore public understanding of the possible pathways through which street lighting might impact on health and wellbeing, and how reductions in street lighting were understood as impacting on health and wellbeing outcomes.

What is your welding torch power?
When choosing a mig welding torch for our equipment, one of the most important factors is the power of the gun, or what is the same, the maximum intensity of use that it can endure.

Most manufacturers use the maximum intensity of use as a reference when selecting the right torch, but this reference should be understood only as that, a reference. The intensity in real circumstances will be notably lower for the following reasons.

When you think of the dangers of welding, the usual suspects immediately come to mind: In addition to obvious things like harmful UV radiation during arc welding, sparks and welding spatter, or even hazards from electrical current, there are also the invisible dangers of welding, for example, by inhaling harmful welding fumes.

There are multiple ways to protect the welder from all these hazards: Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) when welding is considered a matter of course and protects the skin and, above all, the eyes from radiation and injuries caused by welding spatter and flying sparks. Fume extraction torches, ventilated welding helmets or fume extraction systems can filter toxic welding fumes from the air and thus protect the welder's respiratory organs.

But how can welders protect themselves in the long term against damage to their musculoskeletal system? What helps against permanently tense muscles, signs of fatigue and back pain?

An often underestimated aspect of welding is the tig welding torch itself!

Unhandy, heavy torches, which are not ergonomically adapted to the work processes, make the daily work for welders more difficult. Often long seams have to be welded without stopping and the heavy hose assembly is dragged behind or has to be lifted into the correct position.

Or when welding is done in an overhead position. Every welder knows what we are talking about: The welding material drips, the muscles are aching, the back hurts and the weight of the welding torch including the hose assembly quickly becomes a burden.

The hose assembly in particular is an important factor when it comes to weight reduction. Lightweight hose assemblies can weigh 30-50% less than a regular hose assembly, which has a significant effect. Of course, you shouldn't skimp on the material inside, because the plasma welding torch still has to be just as powerful as before.

Using light metal components for current-carrying cables in the hose assembly instead of the usual copper ensures a significantly lower weight, makes welding more comfortable and maintains performance - that of the welding torch and that of the welder.

The position of the trigger on the welding torch also has a decisive influence, because during a long working day this trigger has to be pressed countless times. If the welding torch lies comfortably in the hand and the distance and angle between the finger and the trigger are optimally selected, less energy is needed to reach the trigger and apply the required pressure.

A ball joint at the transition between the handle and the hose assembly specifically relieves the welder's wrist: the hose assembly is flexibly guided downwards directly behind the handle, thus reducing the leverage effect on the wrist. In addition, a ball joint facilitates oscillation during welding.

This study investigated the effects of welding current and torch position parameters, including torch-aiming position, travel angle, and work angle, on bead geometry in single-lap joint gas metal arc (GMA) welding. High-speed filming and macrographs of weld cross section were used to observe the effect of each welding parameter on the properties of the bead geometry, including penetration, leg length, and toe angle. Response surface methodology was used to establish the relationship between the welding parameters and properties of bead geometry and to estimate regression models for predicting bead geometry. Both welding current and torch-aiming position were found to have significant effects on bead geometry, with strong linearity between them and bead geometry. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the estimated response surface models was 0.7226 for penetration, 0.8802 for leg length, and 0.8706 for toe angle. Further, experimental results indicate that the estimated models are very effective.

This paper aims to develop a novel tungsten inner gas (TIG) wp-26v tig torch in order to join thin sheets efficiently. Using a narrowing nozzle (constricted nozzle) inside a conventional TIG torch can critically improve the position accuracy of the tungsten electrode and also the arc plasma characteristics and heat input density. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this new torch, weld bead appearance and cross-section images were examined by an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron back scatter diffraction patterns (EBSD). The results showed that in all cases, the weld bead profile was stable without undercut and burn-through. Full penetration weld was seen. The width of weld bead on the bottom surface was increased much in comparison to conventional TIG welding. However, the results from SEM and EBSD images indicated that in the case of low welding current, the blowholes were found out on the side of the thinner material (SS400). The penetration of SUS430 material to SS400 material was not good. It seems that no fusion of SUS430 material to SS400 at the bottom surface can be seen. Meanwhile, no blowholes were seen in the case of high welding current. The penetration was better, and the fusion was reached on the bottom surface. 

This work is about the influence rule of inclination of gas cooled tig torch on the formation and characteristics of weld bead during the pulsed-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process based on the robotic operation. The inclination of welding torch was an important operation condition during the pulsed-GMAW process, because it can affect the formation and quality of weld bead, which was the output of the process. In this work, the different inclination modes and values were employed to conduct actual welding experiments, and some influence rules can be obtained according to examine the surface topography and cross section. Then, to obtain further rules, serious measurements for the geometry characteristic parameters were conducted and corresponding curve fitting equations between inclination angles and the bead width, penetration and bead height were obtained, and the largest error of these curve fitting equations was 0.117 mm, whose corresponding mean squared error (MSE) was 0.0103. Corresponding verification experiments validated the effectiveness of the curve fittings and showed the second order polynomials were proper, and the largest errors between measurements and curve fitting equations for inclination angle under backward mode were larger than those under forward mode, and were 0.10 mm and 0.15 mm, respectively, which corresponded to the penetration and were below 10%, therefore the equations can be used to predict the geometry of the weld bead. This work can benefit the process and operation optimization of the pulsed-GMAW process, both in the academic researches and actual industrial production.

Pulsed-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a commonly employed arc welding process which was employed in industrial metal joining process and other relative areas [1,2,3]. In this process, the pulsed welding current generated from the welding power source is used to control the metal droplet included in the electrical arc. Using this process, stable electrical arc can be induced even various welding parameters are so small. Because the process can accurately control the heat energy of the electrical arc, the pulsed-GMAW process is more and more commonly employed for joining types of base metals [4]. Compared to the conventional GMAW process, the pulsed-GMAW process has various advantages, such as high productivity and process robustness, and obtains the products with fine grain size [5]. It can not only adjust the value and duration of base current to decrease the heat delivery, so as to avoid very large deformation and burn-off the base metals, but can also utilize the high peak current to realize the desired one-droplet-per-pulse (ODPP) metal transfer mode. The metal transfer mode can directly affect the formation and the surface of the weld bead [6]. The various merits of this technology make it being increasingly used for joining a wide variety of industrial occasions, due to its inherit advantages such as deep penetration, smooth weld bead, high welding speed, large metal deposition rate, lower spatter, lower distortion and shrinkage, lesser probability of porosity and fusion defects, and controllable heat input and all-position welding [7,8,9]. It is an advanced spray transfer process with low mean current, and the welding current is pulsed between high and low levels of short or long time intervals so that it brings the weld zone to the melting point during the pulse current period and allows the molten weld pool to cool and solidify during the background current period [7]. Hence, this process can realize a stable and controllable metal transfer process, and obtain weld beads with desired surface topography.

The evaluation of the welding quality is so important for process improvement and product optimization. Different welding processes had different evaluation criteria. For example, the nugget size or tensile-shear strength can be used to evaluate the quality of resistance spot welding [10,11]. During the GMAW process, the formation and characteristic of weld bead is the most commonly employed criterion to evaluate the quality of the operation, and this criterion involves more elements, such as crack, appearance, geometry characteristics, microstructure, and so on [12].

To meet the huge requirements of the actual industrial applications, many scholars and experts took efforts to explore the influences of the different operational conditions on the formation and characteristic of weld bead. Some relative contributions have been reported in the past decades. Rodrigues et al. [13] investigated the influences of three kinds of shielding gases and two activating fluxes on the geometry of welds produced by the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding processes, which was other commonly used arc welding process. Shoeb et al. [14] studied the effects of some process parameters, such as welding speed, voltage and gas flow rate on the weld bead geometry, such as penetration, width and height, and in the work, mathematical equations were developed to describe the relations between the parameters and geometry parameters using factorial technique. In addition, to explore the weld bead forming rule during the double-pulsed GMAW process, our research group [15] employed the grey relational analysis method to quantitative establish the relations between some key operational parameters and the geometry characteristic parameters of the weld bead. The results showed that the average welding current and welding speed were the key elements which affected the characteristic parameters of the weld bead. Additionally, the same group [16] studied the effects of the operational parameters on the ripples of the weld bead; corresponding analyses showed that the most influential element on the distances of ripples was the welding speed, and the following was the twin pulse frequency. Moreover, recently, to increase the productivity during the actual production, the GMAW process usually collaborated with the industrial robot operation, which can significantly improve the accuracy of the real time control and make the operations more and more convenient. Aviles-Viñas et al. [17] proposed a real time computer vision algorithm to extract training patterns in order to acquire knowledge for predicting specific geometries, and the proposal was implemented and tested by an industrial KUKA robot and a GMAW type machine within a manufacturing cell. Chen et al. [18] employed a welding robot to acquire and optimize the weld trajectory and pose information, based on a laser sensor, charge-coupled device and other auxiliary instrument. Yang et al. [19] used an arc welding robot to detect the welding quality based on three-dimensional reconstruction using a special algorithm, and the results showed the system can quickly and efficiently fulfill the detection task of welding quality. These works denoted that using an industrial robot combined other technologies, many tasks which cannot be accomplished by traditional operations can be realized.

Despite that many reported contributions concerned that the influences of different operational parameters on the quality of weld bead, the relative works were mainly about the welding current, robot welding speed, and other common real-time control parameters. However, as a special and important operational condition, the inclination of the welding torch can also affect the formation and surface topography of the weld bead, because the welding torch is an executive component which is directly related to the energy delivery from the power source to the objective base metal. In general, the inclination of the welding torch was difficult to accurately adjust in the conventional GMAW operation because relative reported contributions were so few. Recently, as there has been fast improvement of the welding process based on robotic operation, online controlling of the inclination can achieve a high accuracy. Hence, in this work, an industrial robot was employed to accurately control the inclination and detailed influence rule of the different modes and values on the formation and characteristics of the weld bead during the pulsed-GMAW process can be seriously examined, in order to improve the GMAW process and obtain weld bead with high quality. To obtain the detailed influence rule, corresponding curve fittings between inclination angles and geometry characteristic parameters were also conducted. Corresponding verification experiments validated the accuracy of the curve fittings. The work is supposed to serve the academic researches of this type of metal joining technology, and promote the process improvement in actual industrial production.

Is It Safe to Use Aluminum Foil in Cooking?
The aim of the work was to estimate the degree of aluminum leakage from aluminum foil roll during baking process of selected food/meals. The experiment included 11 different types of food (Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, mackerel Scomber scombrus, duck breasts, cheese Hermelín, tomato, paprika, Carlsbad dumplings, pork roast, pork neck, chicken breasts, and chicken thighs) baked both marinated and not marinated. The aluminum content was measured by AAS and ICP/MS methods. The highest aluminum increase was observed in the samples of marinated Salmo salar (41.86 ± 0.56 mg/kg), Scomber scombrus (49.34 ± 0.44 mg/kg), and duck breast (117.26 ± 1.37 g/kg). The research was also supported by the survey that consisted of 784 respondents with different sociodemographic characteristics. The study clearly showed the occurrence of aluminum contamination of food when it is prepared by baking in aluminum foil. It cannot be concluded that aluminum leakage will occur with each type of food. The aluminum contents found among investigated samples are not alarming, though the increase was measured up to 40 times. On the other hand, revealed aluminum contents can represent a risk for younger/smaller children and for individuals with diagnosed certain ailments.

If you’re baking fish, roasting vegetables or preparing a piece of meat for dinner tonight, chances are that you’ll wrap your food in aluminium foil. What you may not realise is that some of the foil will leach into your meal – and this could be bad for your health.

Research that I conducted with a group of colleagues has explored the use of aluminium for cooking and preparing food. Aluminium doesn’t just appear in foil: it is the most popular cookware material used by people in developing countries. Pots and pans are lined with it and it is found in some kitchen utensils like large serving spoons. Copper used to fulfil this role, but over time it’s been replaced by aluminium because it is cheaper to mass produce and easier to clean.

But while cooking your food in aluminium pots or pans isn’t a bad thing, placing it in foil and putting it in the oven is problematic. This is especially true with acidic or spicy food that’s prepared at high temperatures.

Aluminium and health
Human bodies can excrete small amounts of aluminium very efficiently. This means that minimal exposure to aluminium is not a problem: the World Health Organisation has established a safe daily intake of 40mg per kilogram of body weight per day. So for a person who weighs 60kg the allowable intake would be 2400 mg.

But most people are exposed to and ingest far more than this suggested safe daily intake. Aluminium is present in corn, yellow cheese, salt, herbs, spices and tea. It’s used in cooking utensils, as described above, as well as in pharmacological agents like antacids and antiperspirants. Aluminium sulfate, which is derived from aluminium, is used as a coagulant during the purification process of drinking water.

Scientists are exploring whether over-exposure to aluminium may be posing threats to human health. For instance, high concentrations of aluminium have been detected in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists have examined the community of old people with Alzheimer’s and concluded that it is a modern disease that’s developed from altered living conditions associated with society’s industrialisation. These conditions may include high levels of aluminium in daily life.

Aluminium poses other health risks, too. Studies have suggested that high aluminium intake may be harmful to some patients with bone diseases or renal impairment. It also reduces the growth rate of human brain cells.

Avoid foil when cooking
Given all of these proven risks, it’s important to determine the aluminium concentration when cooking. Pots and other cookware tend to be oxidised, providing an inert layer that prevents the aluminium from leaching into food. The problem is that when you scrub your pots after cooking, that layer is worn away and the aluminium can seep into your food. This is easily avoided: when you get new aluminium pots, boil water in them several times until the base becomes matt. This creates a natural oxidation that prevents leaching. They may look nicer when they’re scrubbed and shiny, but a matt base is better for your food and your health.

But cooking your food in foil is a different story. Aluminium foil is disposable and you will not be able to create that inert layer prior to using it. My research found that the migration of aluminium into food during the cooking process of food wrapped in aluminium foil is above the permissible limit set by the World Health Organisation.

Aluminium is significantly more likely to leach into food, and at higher levels, in acidic and liquid food solutions like lemon and tomato juice than in those containing alcohol or salt. Leaching levels climb even more when spice is added to food that’s cooked in aluminium foil. Anything acidic sparks a particularly aggressive process that dissolves layers of aluminium into food.

This research suggests that aluminium foil should not be used for cooking. Instead, we’d recommend using glassware or porcelain when preparing baked dishes. It’s safe to wrap cold food in foil, though not for long stretches of time because food has a shelf life and because aluminium in the foil will begin to leach into the food depending on ingredients like spices.

Americans have been using non-stick aluminum foil roll for over 100 years, since it was first used to wrap Life Savers, candy bars, and gum. For many years up to today, we’ve mostly used it in our kitchens, to bake fish or roast vegetables on the barbecue, to line baking pans, and to trap steam when cooking.

And experts have expressed concern about just how much of it we’re using, with studies even warning that it could have some seriously harmful health effects. Do those warnings have any merit? For more facts about household aluminum foil, here’s why it has a shiny and a dull side.

Potential dangers of aluminum foil
According to research, some of the foil used in cooking, baking, and grilling leaches into your food, which can pose health problems over time. Scientists have been looking at the potential threat that overexposure to aluminum may have on human health for years. For example, researchers have found high concentrations of aluminum in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have also found that high aluminum intake may be linked to a reduction in the growth rate of human cells, and may be potentially harmful for patients with bone diseases or renal impairment.

It depends on the food and the temperature
Research has generally found that a couple of factors make aluminum more likely to leach into your food. One of these is the temperature: The higher the temperature you’re cooking at, the more conducive the environment is for aluminum to enter your food, an Electrochem. Sci. study found.

Aluminum foil is a thin-rolled sheet of alloyed aluminum varying in thickness from about 4–150 μm. It was first produced commercially in the US in 1913 where it was used for wrapping Life Savers™, candy bars and chewing gum. In 1921, it was laminated on paperboard to produce coated folding cartons. Household foil was marketed in the late 1920s, and the first heat-sealable foil was developed in 1938. Formed or semirigid containers appeared on the market in 1949. Today foil has been replaced in many applications by metalized films.

Aluminium foil is widely used to seal yoghurt containers (e.g. plastic cups) and owing to the acidic nature of yoghurt and the necessity of heat sealing, the aluminium foil is normally coated with a layer of plastic. If the preformed type of plastic cup is used, the aluminium foil lids are usually precut and around 2500–3000 lids are packed into a special magazine to minimise mechanical damage. The diameter of these lids is <100 mm, and they usually have a pull-tab for easy opening.

The gauge of the foil is around 40 μm, and each lid is normally embossed. The embossing pattern can be varied to suit the customer's requirements and the impression can be up to 100 μm in depth. The embossing is essential to facilitate easy pickup of single lids from the magazine assembly prior to placing over the filled cup and heat sealing.

For yoghurt packaged using the form-fill-seal technique, the aluminium foil is delivered to the dairy as a reel, with the width of the reel being varied in relation to the number of filling heads (abreast) on the packaging machine. The aluminium foil (gauge around 40 μm) is similar to that of the precut type, but the embossing process is omitted since it would serve no function.
Shielding is achieved by incorporating restaurant aluminum foil (typically 0.02–0.03 mm thick), as part of the container. For example, for a frozen meal in a multicompartment tray, it is possible to place ice cream in a totally shielded compartment of the tray—surrounded by aluminum foil—and keep it frozen while the rest of the frozen meal is heated by microwaves. It is also possible to place aluminum foil around portions of the tray to prevent overheating of the corners, sides, or edges of the food.

While the use of shields was originally accomplished by adhering aluminum patches to the surface of trays, a company in the Netherlands, Shieltronics, B.V., has developed a patented procedure that embeds the aluminum within the polyethylene or other plastic tray. In this way, the amount of microwave energy applied to a food component or components will be optimized to provide the optimal temperature for that component. For example, it would be possible to heat a protein, such as fish, with a vegetable, such as potato, and a salad at the same time, with the salad surrounded by the aluminum so it remains cold, while the microwaves are heating the other components.

Overlaying the packages means use of aluminium foil to plastic film or paper to enhance obstruction properties. The application is encouraged by thin checks. Even if plastic covers empower warm sealability, it does not mean that the seal will totally bar dampness and air. Because aluminum packages are more expensive, they are frequently used to package high esteem foods, like: dried soups, herbs, or flavors. A less expensive option to overlaid packaging is metallized film. Metallized films are made of plastic, covered with a thin layer of aluminum metal (Fellows and Axtell, 2002). These films have improved hindrance properties to dampness, oils, scents, and air, the intelligent surface of the aluminum being appreciated by customers. More adaptable than overlaid films, metallized films are basically used to package snacks. Taking into account that the individual components of covers and metallized films are recyclable, from the financial point of view, the worry lies in arranging and isolating the material blocks for reuse.

Meat can be wrapped tightly in professional foil to retain steam as effectively as a covered pan. Bramblett et al., (1959) compared two oven temperatures, 63 and 68°C, for heating of foil-wrapped muscles from beef round. The lower temperature produced the more tender, juicy meat. Beef roasts cooked in foil may have a steamed flavor (Blaker et al., 1959). Baity et al., (1969) reported that at a low oven temperature (93°C), beef loaves cooked more rapidly when foil was tightly sealed than when the loaves were not wrapped or loosely wrapped. At a higher temperature (232°C), cooking times increased with foil wraps. Quality attributes of the loaves were not discussed.

Polyester cooking films and bags are also available for use in the heating of meat. Results of studies of the quality of meat prepared in these films and bags suggest that the quality is comparable to that of meat heated in foil. Beef top round roasts heated in bags to 80°C in ovens at 177 and 205°C took less time but had greater cooking losses than the roasts heated similarly but without bags (Shaffer et al., 1973).

Earring
In the Orient, earrings historically were worn by both sexes; in the West (including ancient Israel and Egypt) as a general rule, they were considered to be exclusively female ornaments. Among the Greeks and Romans earrings were worn only by women, and the practice of men wearing them often is spoken of in classical literature as a distinctly Oriental (i.e., Middle Eastern) trait.

In the tombs of the Greek settlers on the Crimean Peninsula (4th century BC), earrings of marvelous complexity and beauty were found. Jewels of the same class, of exquisite beauty and workmanship, were found in the sepulchres of ancient Etruria. Earrings of comparatively simple forms, but set with pearls and other stones, were the mode in Rome.

In Europe, earrings tended to go out of fashion when the wig, coiffure, or headdress obscured the ears, as in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Use of these ornaments continued to be unfashionable in Europe and the Americas during the 19th century but were revived again in the 20th, especially with the introduction of clipping devices. Simplified painless methods of piercing the ears led to the renewed popularity of silver cup chain earring with rhinestone.

Party season may be looking very different this year, but that is no reason not to go all out on your look with a pair of statement earrings. Adding a little sparkle goes a long way: take Shrimps’s black beaded pair, or perhaps Anissa Kermiche’s statement pearl drops, both of which are guaranteed to confer polish on any outfit. From statement styles in gold and silver to crystal, black, coloured and pearl embellished pairs, here is British Vogue’s edit of the best shoulder-sweeping statement earrings to buy now.

Gold Statement Earrings
If you’re looking to invest in a pair of luxe statement earrings, gold is probably your go-to. Enjoying a resurgence in recent, more maximalist seasons, this go-big-or-go-home trend can transform a plain white T-shirt into an evening-appropriate style. Look to Laura Lombardi and Gucci for pointers.

While gold might be the preferred choice for some, layerd triangle earring pack an equally stylish punch. A firm favourite on the red carpet, with the A-list continually choosing diamond-encrusted platinum, white gold or silver statement earrings or ear cuffs to bring their gowns to life, Vogue editors are also partial to some gentle mixing of gold and silver, courtesy of Spinelli Kilcollin. 

Earrings are an important part of every woman�s wardrobe, whether we are headed for a day at the beach, to the office, or to a wedding. Your earrings give a subtle hint about your personality.

You can change the entire look and feel of your wardrobe by adding the right earrings. You can bring out your softer feminine side, the sexy goddess, or present simple charm, sophistication, or elegance. For both men and women, today earrings are a definite fashion statement.

Earrings have been a part of human culture since 3000 BC. In past times, earrings actually established your position in society, because only royalty and very wealthy were able to afford expensive jewelry. Fine jewelry was worn by only the wealthy. The rest of the population also wore earrings to decorate their body, but they were replicas of high society jewelry.

There are many styles of earrings. There are quite literally thousands of choices. There is an earring style for every personality. Fine jewelry remains popular with precious stones such as sapphire and emeralds. Semi precious stones are also very popular. But even more popular are the costume jewelry earrings. These are affordable, look great, and are great for staying trendy and in style.

Earrings are one of the most popular forms of jewellery around, worn with pride by women and some men alike. But picking the right rose gold earring with rhinestone is about more than just your mood, your outfit, or the event you are going to; they also have to go with your face shape, skin colour, eyes and hair…your choice of what you put in your ears can transform or ruin your look. Earrings vary in length, size, type of fastening, the materials used, so I would suggest you get stuck in because there are plenty to choose from!

Ear studs have been a familiar, even ubiquitous, sight on people’s faces since the start of the 20th Century. The key feature of this type of jewellery is a precious or semi-precious stone, an enamel or metal design, fixed tightly to the earlobe. The shape can be chosen to suit your personal preference: geometric, conceptual, animals, stars…and if you have already exhausted all the styles on offer, why not trying mixing two studs from different pairs?

A fun set of long, shimmering drop earrings can magically transform any woman’s look, elongating the face, lending it femininity, grace and an aristocratic air. Earrings of this type can be long, short, slender or chunky – the main thing is to be sure to pick out the style that suits you best.

Chandelier earrings differ slightly from drop earrings, and not just in name. Narrow at the point of the earlobe, ballooning out below, it is unsurprisingly their similarity to multi-layered decorative chandeliers that gives them their title. Their large size, relative length and complex design – a sophisticated interweaving of multiple precious stones (or even feathers) – coupled with their striking look, cannot fail to draw attention to any girl’s face. The wow factor means they are usually considered to amount to a full set of evening jewellery in and of themselves, so you need to pick carefully if you want to wear them with other jewellery.

Hoop earrings, also known as Congo earrings, are probably the first earring invented by man. Earrings in this category vary but are all united by their signature shape. You can find all sorts of different looks, with different diameters, materials and styles, from cute miniature ringlets to gigantic hoops that go down to your shoulders for the real socialites. Creole earrings, which come in a half moon shape, are another variety of these earrings.

Cluster earrings are similar to stud earrings in the way they fasten to your ear; they differ on the exterior side in that they feature a number of precious stones in a single enchanting composition. The stones used can vary in shape, size and colour, and they can even include decorative pattern elements or dangling parts.

These earrings snuck onto the jewellery scene from the fashion world just a couple of years ago and represent the logical continuation of the ear cuff. The quirk of ear climbers is their long design, which makes it look like the earring is climbing up the earlobe, usually no higher than the helix (halfway up the ear). To give them their full name, they are called earclimber cirle and square stud earring.

This is the name for the type of earring which covers the bulk of the ear from the lobe to the top, running up the edge of the ear. They are often combined with earrings but they also come without any hanging attachment, simply worn on their own. Ear cuffs are a fashion accessory which reinvents itself from season to season, which means they come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, covering the whole ear, half the ear or as small rings fixed solely to the top.

Twenty years ago, a charm bracelet was the go-to jewel to express your personality and tell your life story in precious, miniature form. Indeed, charm bracelets have a rich and deep history, dating back as far as 400 BC. More recently, in the 19th century, they were widely popularized by Queen Victoria, during the mourning of her husband Prince Albert. And in the 20th century, they became a stalwart of every baby boomer’s jewelry box during the ’50s and ’60s.

My own jewelry box is populated by pieces passed down by my two grandmothers. I can still talk through their every trinket, listing its provenance and significance for two of the most important women in my life – from a tiny silver refrigerator to a miniature squirrel. Today, however, there is a new, more modern canvas for self-expression: a curation of single earrings, each judiciously selected to bear its own meaning.

The premise is very much the same – start with one single, symbolic earring and build your story from there. Your first step could be as simple as selecting an amulet-inspired stud infused with talismanic symbolism. Case in point: the Latin translation of Foundrae’s ‘Per Aspera Ad Astra’ earring means ‘through challenges to the stars’, and the design features three glittering gold stars to represent energy and divine guidance. Ole Lynggaard Copenhagen, meanwhile, has drawn upon a gleaming snake – also a signature motif of the maison – to create a striking single earring that creeps up the ear lobe. Snakes are widely considered a symbol of protection, healing, and rebirth, offering the perfect choice to represent a new life chapter, reward resilience or celebrate a conquered challenge.

“I was one of the first brands to sell single earrings,” says New York-based designer Maria Tash. “In the early 1990s this was unusual, but it spoke to the freedom of not having to adhere to old jewelry traditions of matching sets and displays,” she explains. “Now, there are no more societal rules for symmetry and matching both ears; each piercing is its own autonomous vehicle for adornment.” Tash certainly gives her devotees plenty of choice; with single-earring options that sit upon nine different locations of the ear, customers can select single studs, huggies or hoops that blend harmoniously with the rest of your ear stack.

“If it speaks to you, it works,” says Sophie Bille Brahe, who has similarly gained a cult following for her effortlessly chic single earrings. The first single earring that Bille Brahe launched was her ‘Croissant de Lune’ – a row of graduating diamonds that ascend the lobe – but the Danish designer now offers a full range of diamond and pearl single-earring styles to select from. Her ‘Splash’ designs are perfect for symbolizing oceans crossed, for example, or provide a reminder to go with the flow while they seamlessly blend into your everyday jewelry arsenal.

“Single earrings are really popular with the stacking trend that we have been seeing for the past few seasons, as customers like to have the option to mix and match and buy just one earring if they have more piercings on one ear,” agrees Edwina Hilton, fine jewelry and watches buyer at NET-A-PORTER. Those seeking meaningful styles to stack up should look to Jacquie Aiche’s abalone shell and feather design, with feathers remaining a popular choice for remembering lost loved ones or acknowledging the presence of angels. Elsewhere, Yvonne Léon’s vibrant palm trees are the perfect reminder of exotic adventures, while Alison Lou’s wide selection of single earrings – which include alphabet studs and ‘Mama’ huggies as well as quirkier pretzel-, emoji- or baguette-inspired designs – offer wide artistic license. Everyone has their own interpretation of eccentric motifs, and no two ear stacks will tell the same story.

However, if selecting a smattering of small studs feels labor intensive, single-earring stories can be just as impactful with one principal protagonist. Cue Diane Kordas’s diamond Star collection, which is the ideal self-purchase to symbolize success, particularly the largest and unapologetically glamorous design – now one of her bestsellers. “Single earrings are a really fun way to be creative and let loose,” explains Kordas. “I like to mix all shapes and length – long, short, medium – as long as the scale of the earrings complement each other [it works],” says the New-York born, London-based designer. “It absolutely allows you to show your individuality,” she explains. The best bit about writing your life story in diamonds and gems? “These days, there are no rules,” she quips.

How Water Slides Work
In the amusem­ent park industry, the  is king. But during the hot summer months, these classic attractions get some tough competition from inflatable slide. In the past 30 years, the world of  slides has exploded. They've transformed from­ simple poolside slopes to intricate attractions that dominate entire parks. According to the World Waterpark Association, there are more than 1,000 water parks in North America, and about 78 million people visited them in the summer of 2006.

Water parks boast slides with dozens of loops, incredible speeds and exhilarating drops. The inflatable dry slide on record is the 120-foot (37-meter) "Summit Plummet" in Walt Disney World's Blizzard Beach. If you'd rather ride down on a raft, you can take a plunge on the similarly record-breaking "Insane," an 11-story-tall water slide in Brazil [source: World Waterpark Association]. Whether you're on a mat, a raft or your bare skin, you're at the mercy of gravity as you make your way down -- and sometimes up -- the slippery slope.

A water slide is like a wet roller coaster with no seat and no safety harness, and it uses the same principles a roller coaster does to work. In this article, we'll peek behind the scenes to find out what's involved in operating a water slide, from pumping the water to cleaning it after the ride. We'll also see how the pieces of a wate­r slide fit together and find out what keeps you from flying off into the air as you whip around corners.
At its most b­asic level, a water slide is a relatively tame roller coaster with no track and no car. If you've read , then you know that coaster cars are driven by .

At the beginning of the ride, the coaster car is pulled up the . As the coaster rises higher in the air, its potential energy, or energy of position, increases. Simply put, it has farther to fall. When the coaster is released at the top of the hill, gravity pulls it down the track, converting potential energy to kinetic energy, or energy of motion.

 slides work on exactly the same principle. But instead of a lift hill, you have a stairway. Climbing the stairs builds up a certain amount of potential energy, which turns into kinetic energy as you head down the slide. A taller slide has more potential energy to work with than a shorter slide.

On the inflatable water slide, your body, sometimes combined with a mat or raft, takes the place of the roller-coaster car. Coaster cars have wheels that roll along the track. This reduces the friction between the car and the track, so the car can keep moving. Water slides have a constant stream of water flowing from the top to the bottom. The water lubricates the slide to reduce the friction between the slide and your body.

Apart from total height, the main difference between particular water slides is the way they put the potential energy to work. This is determined by the shape of the slide. We'll look at how a slide's shape affects how fast you fly and how far you move in the next section.

The slide applies a force working against . The balance of these two forces depends on the angle of the slide. When you are sliding along on a nearly level slope, gravity pulls you directly into the slide, and the slide pushes you upward. The upward force of the slide pushes nearly opposite the downward force of gravity, slowing your downward acceleration. When the slope drops sharply, gravity is still pulling you straight down, but the slanted slide is no longer pushing you straight up; it's pushing you at an angle between upward and forward. Since the slide isn't working directly against gravity, you accelerate downward more rapidly.

Speed slides and sled slides focus only on these up-and-down forces. On a speed slide, you plummet straight down a steep slope and launch into an exit flume, a long canal of  that slows you down gradually. In a sled slide (also called a toboggan slide), you glide over a series of bumps and dips. In both of these slide designs, you move forward in a straight line.

A small  slide, the sort you might find in somebody's backyard, has a very simple construction. It's a single piece of smooth fiberglass material, cast in the shap­e of a slide, supported by a metal frame.

Most panda inflatable dry slide have a similar structure, but on a much larger scale. Obviously, it's not feasible to use a single piece of fiberglass for a giant, curving slide. Water park slides are formed from dozens of fiberglass segments fastened together with heavy-duty bolts. Typically, the individual segments fit together like sections of a toy race track.

Each segment has one end with a raised lip and one end with a sunken step. When you fit two segments together, the lip of segment A rests on the step of segment B. This ensures that the segments hold together, with a smooth seam between them. Ideally, the slide feels like a single unit to the rider. Slides typically use completely enclosed tubes for the sharpest turns, to make sure everyon­e stays in.

These segments rest on a framework of steel girders. The girders may be positioned directly below the slide, or they may sit adjacent to the slide, supporting it with sturdy cantilevers.

Water parks generally buy new slides from an outside manufacturer. The manufacturer designs the slide and builds all of the individual pieces. The water park hires a local contractor to take these pieces and put the whole thing together according to the manufacturer's directions. It's just like building a toy race track or model train, but on a massive scale. The robot inflatable dry slide structure is only half of the ride, of course. Next, we'll take a look at how water lets you slip from the top to the bottom.

In order to zip down the slide, you need a constant stream of  to reduce friction betw­een you and the fiberglass surface. To maintain this stream, the water park has to get a supply of water to the top of the slide. Most water slides do this with a pump, h­oused in a building near the base of the slide. In the standard design, the pump motor turns a drive shaft, which is attached to a propeller. The spinning propeller drives w­ater forward, in the same way an  moves air particles.

The pump draws water from a collection , typically the pool at the base of the slide, and pushes it up through a narrow pipe to the top of the slide. In this way, the water running down the slide is constantly recycled. In some parks, the water is cycled through several connected pools before it is pumped back up to the top of a slide.

Inflatable bouncers or moon bouncers have grown in popularity over the recent years as they are relatively cheap to acquire,1 provide a source of entertainment for children and are generally regarded as a safe environment by parents. There are multiple descriptors for inflatable bouncers, including inflatable play structure, bounce house, bouncer and bouncy castle. They are encountered at fairs, festivals and amusement parks as well as at private parties. Restaurants, inns and even hotels, try to attract families with the installation of leisure games for minors, such as playgrounds with various attractions so that the little ones can have fun while adults enjoy a relaxed after-dinner or family celebration. In this respect, the bouncers are an ideal complement for parties and ensure hours of fun at low cost.

However, as their demand has soared, so have accident rates.2,3 In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of children treated in the emergency department (ED) for injuries resulting from the use of these devices (in the United States an injury rate of 5.3/100 000 children has been described).1

The mechanisms of injuries were: first, a fall, both inside and outside of the bouncy castle; second, a collision between children due to the differences in sizes and ages.4–6 Also, less frequently yet more severe, were injuries resulting from faults in the anchoring system and wind gusts.7

The main risk factor was the lack of effective adult supervision, either by the parent or staff responsible for overseeing the attraction. Furthermore, overcrowding by children of different weights and sizes increased exponentially the chances of suffering an accident.8

We carried out a prospective study of injuries secondary to inflatable play structure accidents that attended the Paediatric Emergency Department at our Hospital Universitario Son Espases. This is the first prospective European study of its kind, which has been conducted in a single referral centre for Paediatric Orthopaedics during a 12-month period (between February 2015 and February 2016). Our hospital is a paediatric referral site for the entire province; patients not only come from the city but from all the municipalities of the province. The population of the province is 1 169 591 inhabitants, with a population proportion corresponding to the age range of 0 to 14 years of 15% (Fig. 1).

The increase of inflatable play-related injuries may be explained by the growth of the inflatables industry,8 as well as by the lack of prevention measures and initiatives for reducing injury risks.

The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology, type and chronology of the lesions and ultimately, we would like to outline some safety guidelines for inflatable attractions and alert civil society to the dangers of such facilities, still considered safe by the general public.

Only paediatric patients aged 0 to 14 years, who had experienced trauma in an inflatable play structure, were chosen for the study.

The patients’ parents were informed at arrival to the ED about the study, and they consented to and signed the protocol for data collection.

Demographic data gathered included: age; gender; mechanism of injury (fall inside the inflatable play structure, fall outside the bounce house, collision with another participant, castle displacement); risk factors (lack of responsible supervision, users of different ages); type of injury; medical attention required; and complementary tests.

Adult supervision is defined as the need for vigilance at all times. There must be at least two people supervising the attraction.

The shifts should be respected, either by age, or by height, so that children of different constitution do not use attraction at the same time. The simultaneous use by a large number of people at the same time should be avoided, because it increases the danger of falls and injuries, especially if children of different age ranges and weight are mixed.