Understanding the Basics of Pallet Racking
Shelving for your warehouse can seem unnecessarily complicated for a very straightforward task. From the immense amount of different names for the same, products to the handful of available styles, it can feel like a whirlwind trying to make an informed decision on the subject. At ToyotaLift Northeast, we want to clear things up so you can be sure your company has the proper racking system based on your operation’s needs. Our goal is to break-down only the important elements of pallet racking, alleviating confusion when it comes time to narrow down your specific needs.

Pallet racking seemingly has an endless list of other names. We often hear it referred to as bulk storage racks, storage shelving, teardrop racks, warehouse shelving racks, warehouse racking systems, warehouse mezzanines, warehouse racks, rivet shelving racks, and industrial shelves.

What is Pallet Racking?
Pallet racking is simply a storage system that stores pallets of material in rows on metal shelves. The systems feature multiple levels of shelving that are accessible by forklifts. These systems are used to increase storage density by using vertical space. Think of the benefit of building skyscrapers in a city with limited space as the concept is the same.
The Basic Components of Pallet Racking
Due to its long list of available styles and sizes, pallet racking is an extremely flexible storage option. Pallet racking systems have two main parts, which are upright frames and cross beams.
The upright frames are vertical columns that run from the floor to the top shelf of the system. The upright frame will have a series of holes, allowing the ability to change the shelf size based on needs. The height of a frame should be the height of a loaded pallet + height of a beam + 4 inches for clearance. This number then gets multiplied by the number of levels you need.
The cross beams connect into the upright frame on both ends, creating a shelf for pallets and material to be stored on. It takes two cross beams to make a shelf.

Styles of Pallet Racking
The most popular rack style is teardrop pallet racking. This style utilizes a tear-shaped hole where the crossbeam’s connectors are inserted. The unique shape allows the horizontal beams to be locked to the vertical upright frames for simple slide-in assembly. The teardrop shape allows for the use of boltless beams, making assembly fast and easy as bolts, clips, and fasteners are not needed.
There are two forms of pallet racks made, rolled formed and structural style. The rolled form is made by cutting and rolling cold sheet metal, while structural is made using hot sheet metal. Structural is the stronger and more durable system of the two, but it is more expensive.

Accessories
Accessories and additional components are often added to racking systems to improve the system to better fit the owner’s needs. Below is a list of popular accessories on the market.

What Are The Benefits Of Steel Pallets?
Steel is an incredibly strong and durable material. It's used to build cars, skyscrapers, and tools. But steel is also perfectly suited for making pallets.
All the properties of steel which make it useful as a building material are also useful properties for pallets. This makes steel pallets an essential part of materials handling for many industries.
Here are the benefits and advantages of using steel pallets instead of other types of pallets.
The benefits of steel pallets
Steel pallets are designed to be a robust and durable option for industries with specialist materials handling needs. Using steel to construct pallets means that they are much stronger than regular pallets, they are easy to sterilise, and do not rot or carry pests.
The benefits of steel pallets include:

• High load capacity
  
  
• Longer lifespan
  
  
• Hygienic and easy to sterilise
  
  
• Easy to stack
  
  
• Can be exported without quarantine issues
  
  
• Corrosion and weather resistant
  
  
• Recyclable
  

• Dimensions: 1,200mm x 1,000mm
  
  
• Capacity: 2 tonnes
  

• Construction – Large and heavy materials must be moved and stored on strong pallets.
  
  
• Chemical industries – Requires pallets to withstand harsh environments and be safe to use in the production and storage of chemicals.
  
  
• Long term outdoor storage – Pallets must be weather proof for outdoor materials storage.
  
  
• Food preparation and handling – Pallets need to be easily sterilised so they do not contaminate food during production or storage.
  
  
• Export industries – Pallets must not carry pests and must be ISPM 15 compliant.
  

What is rust prevention technology for steel coils?
A steel coil is manufactured by processing a steel sheet and winding it into a coil. Regarding rust prevention technology for steel coils, the treatment agents are named differently depending on the application. An agent that is used for coating after treatment is called a prime coating agent, and an agent that is used independently is called a temporary rust preventive agent.

① Prime coating agent
　A prime coating agent forms a film of about 0.1 μm thick on zinc plating and alloy-based zinc plating to impart coating film adhesion and corrosion resistance. It is used mainly for outdoor electric home appliances and construction materials, such as switchboards, roofing materials, shutters, and unit baths.

② Temporary rust preventive agent (fingerprint-resistant agent)
A temporary rust preventive agent forms a film of 1 to 2 μm thick on the surface of zinc plating and alloy-based zinc plating to prevent the development of white rust until workpieces are processed into final products. It also prevents the adhesion of fingerprints during processing and corrosion caused by chemicals, such as acids and alkalis. It is used mainly for construction materials and electric home appliances, including TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners.
Stainless steel plate is often referred to as 'corrosion-resistant steel' - it does not stain, corrode or rust as easily as normal carbon steel. It would however be misleading to say it is corrosion-proof. It differs significantly from standard carbon steel due to the amount of chromium present, which limits surface corrosion unlike carbon steel which will rust when exposed to air and any moisture in the atmosphere. Due to its anti-oxidation qualities, stainless steel is often a popular solution.
What are the key features of this technology?
① Prime coating agent
　A prime coating agent is made mainly from inorganic compounds and organic resins. The following functionality is imparted by mixing a rust preventive agent (special inhibitor) with an adhesion-imparting agent, which have been developed over many years, achieving performance equivalent to that of chromate.
　1. Suppression of corrosion reaction by adsorption of an inhibitor on the plating surface (corrosion resistance)
　2. Processing adhesion due to strong bonding with the coating film (adhesion)

② Temporary rust preventive agent (fingerprint-resistant agent)
The following functionality is imparted by mixing a thermal cross-linking resin binder with a rust preventive agent (special inhibitor), achieving performance equivalent to that of chromate.
　1. Suppression of corrosion reaction by adsorption of an inhibitor on the plating surface (corrosion resistance)
　2. Strong bonding with plating achieved by an adhesive functional group (adhesion)
　3. Suppression of penetration of corrosive factors by increasing the film density (barrier performance)
Contribution to the solution of social issues
Chromate treatment has been widely used for zinc plating and alloy-based zinc plating due to superb corrosion resistance and coating adhesion. It is still used for products that require rigorous corrosion resistance. However, chromate treatment uses hexavalent chromium, which is hazardous to the human body and adversely affects the environment. We were quick to launch a project to develop alternative solutions. We have a full lineup of completely chromium-free surface treatment agents free from hexavalent chromium and chromium compounds.
　Steel coils are indispensable materials for all metal products, and are therefore an integral part of our daily lives. We contribute to realizing a sustainable society where steel products can be used safely over the long term in an environmentally friendly manner.
What is Steel Pipe?
Steel pipe has been produced in the US since the early 1800s. Pipe is a hollow section with a round cross-section, primarily made for the transportation of products including fluids, gas, pellets, powders, and more. But steel pipes are used in a variety of ways. They are used underground for transporting water and gas throughout cities and towns. They are also specified in construction to protect electrical wires. Steel pipes can be strong, but lightweight. This makes them great for bicycle frames. They are also used in the making of parts for automobiles, refrigeration units, heating and plumbing systems, flagpoles and street lamps, just to name a few.
The most important dimension for a pipe is the outer diameter (OD) together with the wall thickness (WT). OD minus 2 times WT (schedule) determines the inside diameter (ID) of a pipe, which determines the liquid capacity of the pipe. In our industry, when we talk about pipe, we tend to call out an (ID) and schedule, like 2 inch schedule 40, or 14 inch extra heavy. Examples of walls or schedules are Sch. 40, Sch. 80, Sch. Standard (STD), Sch. XS/XH, and Sch. XXS. Most pipe is sold in 21 or 42 foot lengths.
What is Steel Tube?
The word tube refers to round, square, rectangular, and oval hollow sections that are used for pressure equipment, for mechanical applications, and for instrumentation systems.
Steel tubing can be made from various raw materials, like iron, carbon, manganese, vanadium, and zirconium. Like pipe, tubing can be produced as either seamless or welded. Seamless tubing is a solid block of steel that is rolled into a round shape and then pierced and stretched into its final length. Think of having a wad of play dough and rolling it into a cylinder. Then push your finger through the middle and make it longer with the extra dough. That’s how it’s produced, but it’s hot and spinning and completely done with machines. Welded steel tubing, on the other hand, is made from the coil. The coil is slit and then rolled up into a round shape and the ends are welded together. From there, the tubing can simply be cut to a certain length as round tubing, or it can be further deformed into other shapes, such as square, rectangular, oval, etc.
What’s the opposite of scaffolding a lesson? Saying to students, “Read this nine-page science article, write a detailed essay on the topic it explores, and turn it in by Wednesday.” Yikes! No safety net, no parachute—they’re just left to their own devices.
Let’s start by agreeing that scaffolding a lesson and differentiating instruction are two different things. Scaffolding is breaking up the learning into chunks and providing a tool, or structure, with each chunk. When scaffolding reading, for example, you might preview the text and discuss key vocabulary, or chunk the text and then read and discuss as you go. With differentiation, you might give a child an entirely different piece of text to read, or shorten the text or alter it, or modify the writing assignment that follows.
Simply put, scaffolding is what you do first with kids. For those students who are still struggling, you may need to differentiate by modifying an assignment or making accommodations like choosing a more accessible text or assigning an alternative project.
Scaffolding and differentiation do have something in common, though. In order to meet students where they are and appropriately scaffold a lesson or differentiate instruction, you have to know the individual and collective zone of proximal development (ZPD) of your learners. Education researcher Eileen Raymond says, “The ZPD is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance.”
So let’s get to some scaffolding strategies you may or may not have tried yet. Or perhaps you’ve not used them in some time and need a gentle reminder on how awesome and helpful they can be when it comes to student learning.
Riser vs Flat Bars
Riser Vs Flat Bars
We’ve been asked by some riders with bikes with flat handlebars if they should change to riser bars. The large majority of handlebars on mountain bikes are either ‘riser’ or ‘flat’. On downhill and most longer travel bikes (140 mm or more of rear travel) riser bars are prevalent. However, on more racey, cross country style bikes, both riser and flat bars are common.
In this article we’ll examine the difference between the two bars and offer some insight into whether you should consider changing from flat bars to riser bars.
For the purpose of the article, we will assume that the bike in any example given has a stem with little or no rise itself and is not overly short or long. More about stems and how they affect the bike/bars later.
What is a ‘flat’ bar?
A flat mtb handlebar is pretty as the title suggests; a flat handlebar that doesn’t bend upward. Flat bars usually have a small amount of back sweep angle. Back sweep is a slight backward bend to provide a more comfortable grip angle for your hands than if it was flat/straight across the full length of the bar.
Advantages of a flat bar
A flat bar keeps your hand position down low and inline with your stem. On a bike built for outright racing, this low position puts you easily into a forward, racey body position for driving down on the pedals. It also provides a better position for standing up and sprinting. This low and forward position also pushes weight onto your hands and into your front wheel for traction.
Note: It should be noted that much of this can be achieved with risers bars by adjusting your riding technique.
Disadvantages of a flat bar
On the right bike, set up correctly for the rider, a flat bar may offer no disadvantage whatsoever. However, for many riders, the more forward position and subsequent weight on the hands and wrists can be a source of numbness or pain on longer rides.
The forward weight also inhibits the rider from pulling the front wheel up, more so than when using a riser bar.

How to Choose the Right Rake
Where would we be without the humble rake? Leaves and garden debris would go ungathered and soil would remain lumpy and difficult to sow in — all in all, garden chores would be a lot more difficult. Take a look at the rakes below and you’ll probably see some that look familiar and maybe some that don’t. It turns out, there are many types, and choosing the right rake for the task at hand will make things a lot easier on you. Let’s take a look at a few rakes you can use to make your lawn and borders look beautiful!
What to look for in a shrub rake
A plastic head and lightweight aluminum handle make a shrub rake like this lightweight and easy to haul around with your hand tools. Hand held shrub rake models can also be handy in the garden.
How to use a shrub rake
The 8-inch head on this rake is narrower than others so it gets in between plants without a problem. The long handle reaches into the backs of borders that are hard to reach otherwise. Once you’ve gotten rid of all the debris, use this handy rake to help spread mulch or compost on the beds and around your plants without tearing leaves or breaking stems.
Thatch rake
Thatch, the accumulated debris that builds up at the base of your turf grass, is a problem. It can harbor pests and disease, doesn’t have much nutrition and won’t hold water or protect roots from the cold in winter. So removing this accumulated debris is the job of the thatch rake.
What to look for in a thatch rake
Some thatch rakes are one-sided but this model has two — the sharp crescent-shaped blades remove debris, and the round side is for cultivating. Use it when you’re done to prep the area for seed. Adjustable lawn rakes let you choose the angle that works best for the amount of thatch you have.
How to use a thatch rake
Thatch ? inch deep or more needs raking. In large areas you may want to use a power dethatcher. But in small spaces put the tip of the razorlike tines just barely into the soil and pull toward you to remove the thatch and push it away to get the debris out of the teeth. Repeat across your lawn.
Plastic leaf rake
You can cover a lot of ground relatively quickly in the fall when you use a wide-headed plastic leaf rake—this one is 30 inches across!
What to look for in a plastic leaf rake
Because of the repetitive nature of leaf raking, comfort is key when you’re choosing one of these tools. There are actually lots of different features and widths available — try several out at the store before you buy.
Check out those with curved handles and assess the weight and balance. The one in these photos has another interesting feature — the tines are joined together so the head won’t get clogged with leaves.
How to use a plastic leaf rake
With a sweeping motion gather any leaves or debris in your lawn. Be sure to take frequent breaks so you can avoid repetitive motion-related injury.
Metal leaf rake
Clean up the lawn or your border with leaf rakes.
What to look for in a metal leaf rake
These rakes come in a variety of widths and some are even adjustable. Look for one that has an enamel-coated head to avoid rust. And a stress distribution bar helps keep tines from twisting.
How to use a metal leaf rake
This is a good multipurpose rake. Its springy nature is perfect for working debris out of evergreen and deciduous shrubs, carefully fluffing up a ground cover in spring or working the thatch out of the lawn if you don’t own a thatch rake. It’s also good for raking leaves from the lawn but the narrow tines can sometimes get clogged with skewered leaves or snag on a vine or ground cover.
Additional Features
Rakes have various extra features that influence convenience and usability. If you plan on using the tool frequently, one or more of these features may be worth considering.
A telescoping handle allows users to adjust the handle length to suit their preference or to accommodate multiple users with varying heights.
Adjustable rakes heads allow users to adjust the spread of the tines for different tasks.
A grabber tool built into the head eliminates the need for bending down to retrieve swept leaves.
A padded grip, usually made of rubber or foam, provides additional comfort and reduces hand fatigue.
A collapsible handle saves space and makes it easier to store the rake in a garage or shed.
What Customers Are Saying
This bow rake has close to 400 customer reviews on Amazon. Ninety-three percent of those reviews are 4- or 5-star reviews and only 5% are 1- or 2-star reviews, giving the products an average score of 4.7 stars out of 5.
While customers said the product was heavy, they liked that most of the weight was in the head. They said that this allowed the head to break through compact soil without requiring too much force. However, some customers expressed a desire for the handle to be longer.
Our Experience
This rake came fully assembled, allowing our team to quickly unwrap it and start using it. Since bow rakes are designed for raking and leveling fine materials like dirt and sand, we tested this product with dirt. We were able to rake dirt into a pile and level it with the back of the head without any dirt collection on the tines.
The rake was also easy to use. We liked that the rubber gripping went several inches down the handle because that allowed it to accommodate larger hands. However, our arms felt slightly tired after using the rake because of its heavy metal head.
5 Different Types of Chain Saws
A chain saw is a portable, mechanical tool that has the ability to cut through tree trunks, branches, and other woods with its rotating sharp-edged metal teeth. It is typically used for limbing, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, harvesting firewood, bucking, and felling. This powerful tool consists of two main parts. One of the parts is the saw blade that is built in the chain and has a long metal guide bar wrapped around it. The other part is the small cylinder for gasoline or petroleum, but sometimes it has a battery pack or cord, depending on what kind of chain saw it is.
The difference between a chain saw and a hand saw is that a hand saw functions when it is being pulled back and forth manually to cut the wood, whereas a chain saw is powered by a metal chain that keeps rotating to cut through the wood. A chainsaw is portable and –most of the times- it can be used anywhere.
Although the first chain saw was created during the 1920s, a lot has changed since there. Purchasing the right kind of chain saw can be a difficult task for individuals, especially those who lack the experience. This is why it is important to be aware of the different types of chain saws before spending on one.
Types of Chain Saws
Even though they all have the same purpose, a lot of thinking goes into making the decision of choosing the right chain saw. Questions like “how often will I use it?” “What is my budget?” “Do I want one where I have to refill the tank or one where I can just plug it into the wall?” begin to linger in mind.
To take away these queries, below are the different types of chain saws mentioned that can aid you in getting your hands on the right one.
Gas-powered chain saws are the most popular option amongst occasional and professional users. As the name suggests, a gas powered chain saw is powered by gas. This type of chain saw has a 2 cycles or a two-stroke engine that mixes oil and gas together so it can be used. The oil is used as lubrication for the internal part of the engine while preventing wear and damage, and the gas is used for combustion. These chain saws require regular maintenance so they can work properly.
Power: The engine provides the chain saw with a higher power-to-weight ratio, making gas-powered chain saws effective and powerful. This chain saw cuts wood faster than any other chain saw. In addition, gas-powered chain saws are considered to be a heavy duty which causes them to produce vibration and make noise. They also need regular servicing and fueling as compared to the other models.
Cost: These chain saws are expensive and they can cost up to twice as much as other chain saw options.
Corded electric chain saws run on electricity and have a plug-in power cord. Since they are not running on fuel, they do not have engines. Corded electric chain saws are considered to be immobile because they need to be plugged in when they are being used. Luckily, with the help of a portable generator, you can make the most of this chain saw. With a long extension cord, you can plug the chain saw in and use it. Keep in mind, though, a corded electric chainsaw cannot be used for certain tasks including felling in tree woods.
Power: Corded electric chain saws have less power and can be limited tasks (the ones that do not require much more) as compared to gas-powered chain saws. But, compared to battery-powered chain saws, these ones are more powerful and they can do tasks like cutting and sawing small trees, limbs, and thick branches.
Corded electric chain saws do not produce fumes or noise compared to gas-powered chain saws. Additionally, since they are lightweight, they can be used by new, inexperienced users as they are great to perform basic tasks around the house. What you do need to keep in mind is that they require special extension cords so they can perform to their fullest potential.

What does “USB” stand for?
The acronym “USB” is short for the term Universal Serial Bus, a hardware interface that was developed so that peripheral devices like computer mice, keyboards, printers, digital cameras, scanners, PDA's and MP3 players can be easily connected to PCs. Computer manufacturers first began to replace serial and parallel ports with USB ports in 1997; today, every PC on the market contains at least 4 ports for USB connections.
What are typical transmission speeds for USB cables?
Generally speaking, USB cables are classified into one of two different bandwidth groups: 1.1, which transfers data at a maximum rate of 1.5 Mbit per second, and 2.0, with a 480 Mbit per second data transfer rate. USB 2.0 is backward compatible with the lower data transmission requirements of 1.1, but the substitution can’t be reversed; 1.1 just can’t deliver the rate of data transfer that USB 2.0-rated devices need.
In addition to the bandwidth classifications listed above, USB devices can also be labeled in the following “speed” categories, which specify the amount of bandwidth they need to operate:
Low Speed: The “ low speed” rating indicates that a device requires minimal bandwidth (1.5 Mbit/s) to function, so it can be used in conjunction with either 1.1 or 2.0 USB cables. Joysticks, keyboards and computer mice are a few common examples of low speed devices.
Full Speed: Devices labeled “full speed” need a signal rate of 12 Mbit per second. Since this is such a common bandwidth requirement, all USB hubs on the market have been designed to support Full Speed. And even though the data transfer speed is higher, Full Speed – like Low Speed – transmits equally well via 1.1 or 2.0 USB cables.
High Speed: “ High speed” USB devices run at 480 Mbit per second, and require a 2.0-rated USB cable.
What does it mean when USB cables and devices are described as “hot swappable?”
One of the most convenient features of USB C PD cable and devices is their ability to be “hot swapped,” which means that they can be plugged into – and unplugged from – a computer as needed, without that computer needing to be powered down first.
Is there an organization that sets USB performance standards?
The USB Implementers Forum, a non-profit organization otherwise known as the USB-IF, is the group responsible for promoting and supporting USB standards. Made up of companies that developed USB technology, the USB-IF includes notable corporations like Agere Systems, Apple Computer, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, and NEC. Within the USB-IF are four working committees: the Compliance Committee, the Device Working Group, The Marketing Committee, and the On-The-Go Working Group.
How many types of USB connectors are there?
USB connectors – and, by extension, USB ports – can be found in two different styles: type “A” (for hosts and USB hubs) and type “B” (for peripheral devices). In addition, USB plugs fall into three different size ranges: standard, mini, and micro. Here’s a general breakdown of how connector styles differ by size class, and the applications each is used for:
Standard USB: Standard is the original USB connector size, and the largest of the bunch. Standard-size “A” connectors have a long and extremely narrow rectangular shape (approximately 4mm x 12mm), while standard “B” connectors are still oblong, but with shorter and wider proportions (at roughly 7mm x 8mm, they’re closer to being square). Standard USB connectors are typically used with, well, “standard” peripheral devices like printers, keyboards, computer mice and scanners.
Mini USB: Developed for use with small, portable peripherals like digital cameras, cell phones, PDA's and MP3 players, Mini USB connectors feature a more compact and space-efficient design than standard USB connectors. Unlike standard A and B connectors, Mini A and B have very similar shapes; however, it’s possible to distinguish one from the other by the upper halves of their vertical edges: Mini A’s sides are straight, but Mini B’s are rounded.
Micro USB: In January 2007, the USB-IF approved the most space-conscious connector size to date: Micro USB. Micro USB connectors are approximately 50-60% smaller than mini connectors, and replace Mini USB in many new PDA's and Smartphones.
Neckband Headphones: Why Is This Design Becoming So Popular?
At some point during the past few years, you've no doubt noticed an intriguing new phenomenon. More and more people are sporting what can only be described as high-tech collars with headphones sprouting out the sides. Call them what you will—"neckband headphones," "behind-the-neck headphones," or even the more obvious "collar headphones"—but this distinctive modern style of in-ear and around-the-neck earphones is all the rage as of late. And if you haven't experienced them yourself, you may be wondering what all the fuss is about.
Ultimately, the success of neckband headphones boils down to three essential considerations: a unique combination of convenience, features and battery life unmatched by any other in-ear headphone design.

Your Headphones Are Right There Where You Need Them, When You Want Them
The first major benefit of neckband headphones is perhaps the most obvious, but it's worth pointing out. Given that the earbuds are hanging around your neck, mere inches from your ears, means you won't have to dig through your bag or your pockets when you want to listen to some tunes or take a phone call. And since virtually all neckband headphones connect to your smartphone or personal media player via Bluetooth, those two tiny little cords connecting the collar to the earphones are the only cables you need to worry about. That means no more rat's nests to untangle. Since those cables aren't extending from your head to your pocket, it also means fewer opportunities to snag them on a doorknob and rip your earphones out of your ears. Or worse yet, break the wires, rendering your precious audio purchase worthless.
That Neckband Headphones Are Full Of Surprises
While we all appreciate the lightweight and convenience of in-ear headphones, as well as the add-on features commonly found in many popular models these days, those two desires can conflict with one other. After all, the more electronics you pack into one of those little housings, the bulkier, heavier and more cumbersome it gets. That's the definition of defeating the purpose.
Housing all their electronics inside the neckband headphones allows for additional features, without dragging down your ears or increasing discomfort. These features include:
Active noise cancellation: It's a feature we all love, but there's a good reason it's more commonly found in full-sized, over-ear headphones. Good noise cancellation requires sophisticated electronics, and those electronics must go somewhere. That's why most in-ears with active noise cancelling capabilities either come with a gigantic in-line control box, or bulge way out of your ears. Moving that circuitry to inside the neckband headphones means the bits you stick in your ears can stay compact and light, without any sacrifices in terms of the quality of noise cancellation.

What's more, the neckband headphones allows for a combination of features you rarely ever see in in-ear headphones otherwise: active noise cancellation and Bluetooth wireless connectivity.
More convenient controls: Granted, in-line controls have been a feature of headphones since smartphones have existed. But have you ever found yourself fumbling your way down your headphone cables in search of the controls, only to forget which button does what? With neckband headphones, that's generally not a problem. With the controls right around your neck and easy to reach, you'll likely find yourself using them to pause, play, fast-forward and accept calls.
Enhanced telephony: If you regularly rely on a Bluetooth wireless connection, you've no doubt experienced this at some point—you're taking a break from listening to your tunes or podcasts, but didn't bother to unpair your headphones or turn them off. An important phone call comes through, and you miss it.
What Charger Can I Use?
As long as you're using the right cable or the right wireless standard (and it's difficult not to), you can use just about any wall charger with your phone. Modern-day handsets will regulate the power draw to keep the battery protected, so there's no danger of blowing up your phone by using a charger that's too powerful for it.
That said, be wary of using cheap, no-brand chargers, or chargers that have been sitting around for years, as they may not necessarily stick to the same safety standards as the rest. We're not saying all of these chargers are dodgy, but to be safe it's always worth going with a newer charger from a reputable manufacturer or accessories maker, even if it's a little bit more expensive.
The bottom line is that while just about any new-ish charger will work with just about any new-ish phone at this point, you won't necessarily see the maximum charging speeds or the most efficient charging rate if you're not using kit made by the same company.
As we alluded to above, this is particularly true when it comes to fast charging, as phone makers like to deploy their own standards and methods—for the maximum fast charging rates, you'll usually need to plug in the charger specifically made for your phone. Use other chargers if you need to, but the official charger when you can.

What is a load box?
When using a tube amplifier, you should always connect it to a speaker cabinet before turning it on – or a loadbox. The speaker cabinet (2, 4, 8 or 16 Ohms) must always be connected to the corresponding speaker output of your amplifier. Not doing so can lead to partial or complete destruction of the output stage of the tube amplifier. Most tube amp designers protect their products with fuses etc, but some amps do not have sufficient protection in place. Our general moto is that “It is impossible to predict the behavior of all the amplifiers on the market in case of use without a load (a speaker cabinet or a load box)”.
The electronic term that describes the speaker cabinet with respect to the amplifier is the “load”: we say the cabinet “loads” the amplifier. The term “load box” fits any product that embeds an electronic load. The main parameter of the load box is its impedance, and that is rated in “Ohms”. An 8-Ohm load box must be plugged to the 8-Ohm speaker output of the amplifier.
When using a Torpedo load box, the power sent to the load is turned into heat, so please follow the cooling recommendation of the load box – failure to do so may cause overheating which can lead to damage, both to the load box and to the amplifier. The Torpedo Reload, Live, Studio, Captor and Captor X are load boxes. This term indicates that these products feature a load which can electrically replace the speaker cabinet while safely dissipating (transforming into heat) the power coming out of the amplifier.
The embedded load in the Torpedo products is reactive: it embeds a specific circuit to simulate the complex impedance of a real speaker. This kind of system is widely used in the industry to silently test amplifiers.
Is the use of a loadbox totally silent?
We usually talk about “silent recording” when a load box is involved. If we compare the load box solution to a traditional cabinet miking solution, it is obviously several orders of magnitude quieter, but you will still experience some minor sounds, noises, that have to be taken into account:
Your guitar or bass strings can be heard. This is obvious, but it can be disturbing, depending on your environment if you are not used to it.
You may hear some noise coming out of your Torpedo when playing, like there is a tiny speaker inside the box. This is perfectly normal and there is no reason to worry. The sound is produced when power goes through the coil of the reactive load embedded on the Torpedo. The vibration is related to what power comes out of the amplifier connected to the Torpedo and to the signal’s frequency content (notes played are heard). Your amplifier may also produce similar noise, at the output transformer’s level. Such noise is usually not heard, simply because it is normally overcome by the sound coming from the loudspeaker.
The Torpedo embeds a fan, as there is quite a lot of power dissipated into heat inside the box. We selected a “silent fan”, but as it is running fast, it is never entirely silent. This said, you can consider that, in normal use (hearing your guitar through monitors, or headphones), you can barely hear that fan.
Care should be taken when using a load box
The correct use of your amplifier with a load box requires some precautions. Because of the fact that you may be playing “silently,” it is much easier to accidentally run your amplifier beyond the reasonable limits set by the manufacturer than when you are using an actual speaker cabinet. This can lead to faster tube wear and, in some cases, to more serious issues.
Keep in mind that the “sweet spot” — the perfect running point of the amplifier, the one that will give you the tone you are looking for—is rarely obtained at maximum volume. In addition, the volume control of the amplifier is usually logarithmic, which means that the volume goes up quickly on the first half of the potentiometer’s rotation, reaches its maximum at 12 o’clock, and will not change much beyond that point. Therefore, you can
reach the maximum volume of your amplifier even if the volume potentiometer is not set at maximum.
By reaching the maximum output power of your amplifier, you will hear a lot of distortion, which may not sound as good as you could hope. In fact, most amplifiers do not sound great at maximum volume. Always keep in mind that your amplifier may not have been conceived to be used at maximum volume for a long time. Running an amplifier at high volume will cause premature wear of the tubes and possible malfunctions or damages to the output stage.
When first testing the amplifier at high volume, monitor the color of the tubes and the general response of the amplifier. Red-glowing tubes or any appearance of smoke are signs of a problem that may result in partial or complete destruction of the amplifier.
The fact that the volume control of your amplifier is not set at maximum doesn’t mean your amplifier is not running at maximum volume. A good habit is to keep the usual volume setup you would use in rehearsal or on stage, rather than just following what the volume potentiometer indicates.
High voltage test
The high voltage tester (also called dielectric strength test or hipot test) can be carried out using AC or DC. If the high voltage test is performed using DC, it is then combined with insulation; if the high voltage test is made using AC, this is more stressful for the sample and therefore carried out according to the sketch below.

Measurement of a high voltage test under alternating current is performed using an alternating voltage (50Hz) adjustable to an effective 50V to 1,500V. As is the case with direct current, the high voltage test detects any sudden rise of current up to a programmed threshold.

The short circuit test is maintained by default. The rise time is more than 500 ms and the application time at least one period.

Warning: The high voltage test under alternating current is penalised by the capacitive value of the tested equipment. It must be remembered that the generator power is limited to 5 mA.
signal generator, electronic test instrument that delivers an accurately calibrated signal at frequencies from the audio to the microwave ranges. It is valuable in the development and testing of electronic hardware. The signal generator provides a signal that can be adjusted according to frequency, output voltage, impedence, waveform, and modulation.

Signal generators are of five major types: oscillators, which generate sine waves useful in measuring the response of loudspeakers, amplifiers, microphones, transducers, and acoustic systems; standard signal generators, which generate sine waves over a wide range of output power and modulation, used, for example, to test radio receivers and measure gain, bandwidth, and signal-to-noise ratio; frequency synthesizers, which generate highly precise output frequencies over wide ranges; pulse generators, which produce pulsed signals at precise duration at precise frequencies; and random-noise generators, which produce a wideband noise for various types of electronic, mechanical, and psychological testing.
Power analyzer measurements
Power analyzers can make a variety of measurements dependent upon the manufacturer and the model, but typically power analyzers are likely to be able to measure parameters including: voltage; current; power; peak, mean and RMS parameters; harmonics; phase, and a variety of other parameters.
Some power analyzers are intended for high power measurements and may even have special high power sensors, whereas others may be intended for measuring the standby current parameters for various items of equipment.
In view of the many applications for these power analyzers, modern types often have data logging capabilities. Often they can stored the data on board to be downloaded at a later date of displayed in screen - the screens on some power analyzers can be quite large and able to provide very detailed data. It is also normally possible to communicate the data, often via Ethernet or USB with a computer so that further analysis can be undertaken.
As power energy analysers can often be used to monitor equipment over a long period of time, possible under a host of different conditions, the data communication capabilities are of great use.
Also it is often possible for the power analyzer to be controlled remotely. This enables the instrument to be located close to the item under test, whilst the computer and the engineer are located elsewhere. This can be very useful when an item is undergoing temperature or vibration testing.

WHAT IS A CLEANROOM?
A clean room is a controlled environment where pollutants like dust, airborne microbes, and aerosol particles are filtered out in order to provide the cleanest area possible. Most cleanrooms are used for manufacturing products such as electronics, pharmaceutical products, and medical equipment. A cleanroom can be classified into different levels of contamination depending on the amount of particles allowed in the space, per cubic meter. Cleanrooms also control variables like temperature, air flow, and humidity.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Essentially, cleanrooms work to remove pollutants, particles, and contaminants from outside ambient air. Outside air is first circulated to a filter system. The filters (either HEPA or ULPA) then clean and decontaminate this outside air according to their specifications. The filtered air is then forced into the cleanroom. Additionally, contaminated air within the cleanroom is forced outside the room by registers, or it is recirculated back into the filters, and the process restarts.
WHO NEEDS A CLEANROOM?
There are a wide variety of reasons that a company may need a cleanroom. If you’re manufacturing something that is easily affected by contaminants or particles in the air for example, it’s likely that you’ll need a cleanroom. If you’re not sure, or if you’d like an estimate, give the experts at Angstrom a call. Here are a few common reasons you might need a cleanroom, and some common industries that regularly use cleanrooms:

Manufacturing Companies
Research Facilities
Pharmaceutical Companies
Medical Laboratories
Electronic Part Production
What is a sandwich panel?
A sandwich panel is a product used to clad the walls and roofs of buildings. Each panel comprises a core of thermoinsulating material, skinned on both sides with sheet metal. Sandwich panels are not structural materials but curtain materials. The structural forces are carried by the steel framework or other carrier frame to which the sandwich panels are attached.
The types of sandwich panel are generally grouped by the thermoinsulating material used as the core. Sandwich panels with cores of EPS (expanded polystyrene), mineral wool and polyurethane (PIR, or polyisocyanurate) are all readily available.
The materials mainly vary in their thermal insulating performance, sound insulating performance, reaction to fire and weight.
Why use sandwich panels anyway?
Sandwich panels are widely acclaimed due to a number of benefits, mainly those related to cost. Comparisons between frame or stud partition technology (frames lined with sandwich panels) and traditional building technologies based on masonry walls reveal advantages of sandwich panels in three key areas:
1. Direct costs
Construction of a building in either technology requires similar capital expenditure levels.
The comparison in this area includes the costs of construction materials, labour and shipping.
2. Construction time
A building based on a traditional masonry process may take 6 to 7 months to complete.
A building of the same volume utilising stud partitions takes just 1 month to complete.
The construction time is business-critical. The sooner a production building or warehouse is commissioned for use, the sooner a return on the investment can be achieved.
Stud partition buildings are assembled rather than “built”. The finished structural parts and cladding components arrive on site, and are then assembled like a house of toy bricks. Another plus is that there is no need to wait for the building shell to lose excess moisture.
3. Construction processes
In some sectors of industry, the construction requirements can be critical for a building project. Stud partition construction is a ‘dry process’, with no water needed for the construction materials. A dry process requires only the assembly of the structure and fixing of the cladding (here, the sandwich panels) with screws.
Traditional masonry construction uses ‘wet processes’, which require significant amounts of water to make the mortar for bricklaying, concrete for casting or the plaster for rendering.
Some sectors of industry, like wood processing or pharmaceutical manufacture, require fixed and controlled relative humidity levels, which preclude wet construction processes.
Pass box is one of the cleanroom systems, which is used to transfer materials from one side to other side through controlled environment in order to avoid airborne cross contamination. As the name states itself, the primary and only work of a pass box is to pass material from one side to other without raising contamination concern and if any particulate matter presents on the material surface, it swipes away during the operation. Interlocking door mechanism is the prime feature of a pass box, when door at one side is open the door at other side remains closed. It is popular with other names such as cleanroom pass through, clean transfer window and transfer hatch; in addition, it is widely used in microbiology laboratories in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
A pass box is designed in two different types; static and dynamic, it is the user specific requirement which decides the right design configuration. The difference between these two is explained as:
DYNAMIC PASS BOX (DPB)
A dynamic pass box is fitted between classified and non-classified areas. Material is passed through vertically HEPA filtered air.
STATIC PASS BOX
Static pass box on the other hand is fitted only between two clean room areas and has no air supply or extract. It is also known as passive pass box and equipped with UV light.
We are ISO certified pass box manufacturers in India. Our pass boxes deliver low noise and easy to use operation, rugged construction promises long service life. Standard size is 2 x 2 x 2 ft. or 60 x 60 x 60 cm, we also make customized pass through boxes to any customer provided size. Every box is made to comply international standards and supplied at industry leading price in India.
What Is a Clean Bench?
A clean bench is an enclosed laboratory bench that is designed to prevent pollution and contamination by controlling and keeping the air cleanliness level at a certain point. A clean bench is a type of laminar airflow cabinet (also known as a tissue culture hood).
Clean benches are frequently used in laboratories across a wide range of industries all over the world. These hoods utilize state-of-the-art technology in order to provide the laboratory with a clean, safe, bacteria-free environment for sensitive biological substances. The hood ensures that the operating environment is 99% free of .3 micron particles.
What Exactly Does a Clean Bench Do?
Clean benches prevent dust, smoke, bacteria, microorganisms, and other undesired dirt in the air from contaminating the biological materials and samples that the lab worker is currently working on. The HEPA filter, which is a high-efficiency mechanical filter, lets the air through, cleaning it and directing the air flows right to the substances. A clean bench can maintain a high level of air cleanliness even in a significantly polluted environment.
Does a Clean Bench Protect the Worker Too?
A clean bench only provides protection for samples, substances, and materials that are being worked on, as it directs the filtered air across the operating surface towards the worker. These hoods can be used for particular cleaning operations, such as the dust-free assembly of sterile facilities or electronic devices. A clean bench must never be used while working with drugs, highly infectious substances, or other dangerous samples. The lab worker will be exposed to the substances, which could lead – depending on the material – to poisoning, infection, contamination, or toxicity. So, a clean bench should not be mixed up with a biosafety cabinet.
What Are the Different Types of Clean Benches?
Circulation bench: this hood allows clean air to circulate.
Light table clean bench: the workstation is made of glass or acrylic; plus, it has a fluorescent lamp.
Drainage bench: the workstation also includes a sink with a tap.
Drying bench: the infrared light allows the materials to dry quickly.
Built-in bench: floor-standing units are built into the equipment.
Exhaust bench: the air can be sucked in from the workstation or just a part of it.
Vibration-free bench: the gap between the main unit and the workstation prevents the hood from vibrating.
Why Choose Laminar Flow?
Laminar flows are used in all industries where there are high demands on the purity of the air environment. Clean benches for particular environments are equipped with either horizontal or vertical laminar flow. This means that the air flows in one direction and at one speed in parallel lines without backflow. This type of protection and the right enclosure design ensures that the laminar flow protects the work on the clean bench surface. Laminar flow can carry contaminants away from the clean bench to where they can be efficiently collected by filtration and disposed of in another, even more convenient location.
Clean room doors are an essential part of cleanrooms since they are responsible for sealing the controlled environment. If they do not work properly, the cleanroom is exposed to a higher risk of contamination.
Here, Kleanlabs provide 10 key considerations when choosing a cleanroom door based on its many years in the cleanroom construction industry.
1. Completely flat surface
Opt for a door that has a completely flat surface on both sides. If there are no edges for the dust to settle in, it becomes very easy to clean and maintain exceptional hygiene. The best option is a door that has smoothly embedded windows and is completely flush with clean room walls.
2. Easy to integrate
Be aware of system dependence of cleanroom doors. Many manufacturers market doors that can only be integrated into their systems. This makes it difficult to change parameters within the facility without the cleanroom door integrity being compromised. System independent doors however, can be installed into any cleanroom regardless of the manufacturer. Kleanlabs have designed bezels that fit into any wall structure.
3. Thick door panels
Choose a door that is resistant to bending and shock. Kleanlabs recommend a thickness of 60 mm which provides both strength and reliability under most industrial circumstances. Aluminum is a particularly durable material.
4. High level of air tightness
What level of appropriate air tightness should the door have? 3,5 m3/hm2 measured at 200 Pa pressure is a reliable and good value. Some doors can be equipped with double gasket technology and an integrated sink gasket, improving air tightness even more.
5. Resistance to cleaning products
Cleanrooms are exposed to intense cleaning every day with a variety of strong chemicals to assure high levels of hygiene. Cleanroom doors, as any other cleanroom surfaces, need to be resistant to the regular usage of any cleaning products and any reaction between the door and the chemicals need to be avoided. Kleanlabs have carried out several tests to make sure that its own brand of doors resist any cleaning product used within the industry.
6. Safety glazing
In a cleanroom, safety comes first. Therefore, every part of the product should be designed to meet the highest safety requirements. Kleanlab doors are equipped with shatter proof, safety glazing, meaning if the window breaks, it stays in place and there is no risk of scatter.

4 Differences between Vertical Sand Mill and Horizontal Sand Mill
The sand mill machine is currently the most widely adaptable, most advanced, and most efficient grinding equipment. The grinding cavity is the narrowest, the gap between the levers is the smallest, and the grinding energy is the most intensive. With the high-performance cooling system and automatic control system, it can achieve continuous material Continuous processing and discharge greatly improve production efficiency. Sand mills, also known as bead mills, are mainly used for wet grinding of chemical liquid products. According to the performance, the sand mill machine can be divided into horizontal sand mills, basket sand mills, and vertical sand mills. Among them, the most widely used are horizontal sand mills and vertical sand mills.

The sand mill machine mainly relies on the high-speed rotation between the grinding medium and the material to carry out the grinding work. Sand mill machines can be divided into vertical sand mills and horizontal sand mills according to their appearance. So are these two just the difference in external form? Let's take a look at the following, what is the difference between them in performance.

Different Processed Products
First, compare it from the difficulty of manufacturing. Since there is no sealing problem during the working process of the vertical sand mill, the manufacturing is easier and the cost is lower. Therefore, vertical sand mills are more suitable for manufacturing products with relatively low product requirements but high output requirements.

On the contrary, the manufacturing cost of the horizontal sand mill is relatively high, but it can ensure the tightness of the material, and the material will not be contaminated during the processing, so the purity of the product can be guaranteed. Horizontal sand mills are more suitable for grinding products that require high precision and fineness.
Different Grinding Fineness
From the point of view of the fineness of the grinding. After the grinding medium in the grinding cavity of the vertical sand mill is affected by gravity, the filling rate of the medium is low, and the distribution is uneven, which becomes the unsatisfactory grinding effect. The horizontal sand mill can well overcome the influence of gravity on the medium, so it has a better grinding effect and can meet the fineness requirements of the product.
Cost of Processing Materials
To compare the cost of using vertical sand mill machine and horizontal sand mill machine. When the vertical sand mill is stopped, the grinding medium is deposited on the bottom of the grinding cavity. If the machine is turned on, the blade and the beads will generate strong friction. And because the grinding beads are too concentrated, it is easy to cause broken beads (grinding media fragmentation).

On the contrary, the horizontal sand mill can greatly reduce the occurrence of such things. Because the contact surface between the grinding medium and the blade in the horizontal sand mill is larger, the grinding beads will not be too concentrated.

Different Equipment Manufacturing Materials
Analyze from the material aspect of the horizontal sand mill machine and vertical sand mill machine.
Vertical sand mills generally use ordinary materials, while horizontal sand mills generally use better materials. Generally, the material used in the horizontal sand mill is tungsten carbide metal material. The horizontal sand mill is to place the vertical sand mill horizontally. But, due to the influence of gravity and the difference in manufacturing materials, there are many differences in the products produced.

They all have their own advantages. In general, the production cost and use cost of vertical sand mill machines are lower; but horizontal sand mill machines can produce higher quality products. As a customer who purchases equipment, we can only choose the right equipment if we understand their respective characteristics and the differences between them.
How a Handheld Mixer Works
To use a handheld mixer, you first plug it in and attach two balloon whisks. Place the mixer in your bowl of ingredients and select the speed setting you want. Turn it on by pushing a switch. The whisks start to rotate due to an electric motor inside the device. The whisks will mix, beat or whip the ingredients, depending on your speed setting. They will also incorporate air into your ingredients, giving them a "fluffier" texture. You often move the bowl while using your mixer, to make sure every ingredient is thoroughly mixed.
How a Stand Mixer Works
A stand mixer works similar to a handheld, with the difference that you attach a bowl (often a stainless steel bowl) to it and you do not have to hold the mixer. After affixing the bowl to the mixer, you add the preferred attachment (such as a dough hook for bread ingredients) and select the desired speed setting. You then flip the switch, and a large motor will rotate the attachment. Let it work as long as it needs. You may have to scrape the attachment during the mixing, such as when too much of the dough sticks to the hook.
Owning a business that needs filling satchels and bottles requires a proper filling machine. These machines help you in filling hundreds of bottles in less time. It increases the flow of your work. There are many filling machines available in the market based on different technologies. However, you should buy the one that is required for your company. It will improve your company’s workability.
Below are different types of filling machines, listed and discussed, about which you should know.
Liquid filling machines
They are water filling machines that are used to fill beverages. One of the most significant advantages of this machine is that it disperses the perfect amount of liquid to be filled.
Usage: It is used to fill all sorts of liquids, including water, alcoholic beverages, aerated drinks, sauces, cooking oil, soup, salad dressings, and many more things.
These machines are available with various specializations. They are:
Manual liquid filling machine
Semi-automatic liquid filling machine
Automatic water filling machine
Inline liquid filling machine
Rotary liquid filling machine
Piston liquid filling machine
Powder filling machines
These machines are made using spiral feeding technology that enables proper filling with zero-drip. They are ideal for filling powdered and granulated items, which are both free-flowing and non-free-flowing.
Free-flowing items include granulated sugar and table salt. They are items that cannot retain their shape when external pressure is added. Non-free-flowing items include powdered milk and brown sugar. They are products that can retain their shape even after high compression.
Usage: They are used to fill packets of additives, starch, pesticides. Certain cosmetic products are also packed using this machine. The food, beverage, and chemical industry also uses this machine.
Basics of the Basket Mill
Basket mills feature a rotating basket that uses centrifugal force to accelerate the grinding media, much like an amusement park ride where passengers lean against a wall while the ride rotates at high speeds. Unlike the ride, which merely locks passengers into place, the basket contains a disk installed with pegs to permit grinding.

As illustrated in Figure 1, the top, bottom and sides of the basket are perforated to allow the product to enter. In the center of the basket the grinding disc attaches to a shaft that is centered in the basket drive shaft. This inner shaft is braked to prevent the disc from rotating with the beads and product. The sieve basket rotates around the fixed grinding disc.

The basket is filled about 80 to 85 percent by volume with the grinding beads. When the basket rotates, the centrifugal force compresses the beads against the grinding disc. The shearing forces for dispersion are created between the fixed disc, the moving bead mass and the rotating basket. The blocks mounted to the top and bottom of the basket along with the grinding disc create turbulence for higher shearing force.

In most cases, steel, glass or ceramic beads with a diameter of 1.2 mm for a smaller basket, and 2 mm for a larger basket, are best for coatings dispersions. However, bead size is ultimately determined by the basket’s slot sizes.
Updated Basket Mill Designs
Basket mill design improvements have helped increase productivity and produce finer dispersion quality, with slot widths as small as 0.5 mm. The new design substantially increases pumping rate and media compression performance.

How to Use a Step Drill Bit?
When I first came across step drill bits I was actually quite confused about their use. Once I started looking into their uses I was really excited to invest in my own set of step drill bits. With experience, I have come to appreciate step drill bits even more with their multitude of uses.
If you are new to step drill bits, this article will answer each and every question in your mind.
How to use a step drill bit? You will use a step drill bit just like another drill bit with an exception of its purpose of use. For drilling with a step drill bit use a center punch to first mark the center. Now drill steadily with firm pressure. Step drill bits only work with thin metal sheets and can make holes of different sizes depending on the number of steps in your drill bit. You can also use it to enlarge or deburr an existing hole.
About Invention
Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes, almost always of circular cross-section. Drill bits come in many sizes and have many uses. Bits are usually connected to a mechanism, often simply referred to as a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole.
What is a Step Drill Bit?
A step drill bit is a conical shape drill bit to make different size holes with one bit. It has multiple levels with increasing diameters from tip to end. It has a sharp groove at one side which acts as the cutting edge. The step drill bit is also used to enlarge or deburr holes. This drill bit is used particularly for metals but can also work with wood, plastic, etc.
A step drill bit with a straight flute is called a counter-bore step drill bit while a step drill bit with a twisted flute is called a countersink step drill bit. The flute or the groove profile serves as a channel system for collection and chip removal during drilling.
I have found the step drill bit to be a valuable tool with its ability to replace numerous twist bits, deburrers, and reamers. There are a number of reasons you should use a step drill bit for drilling into sheet metals.
I have compiled a list of reasons I recommend every DIY enthusiast to add step drill bits to their toolbox.
Multiple Diameters: With multiple diameters, a step drill bit saves you from the hassle of changing drill bits when you need to drill a lot of holes of different sizes. You can use a step drill bit to drill holes of different diameters.
Selt-tapping tip: Step drill bits have self-tapping tips, which allow you to drill without drilling a pilot hole in thin materials.
Flute: Flute on a step drill bit allows for easy removal of waste materials which prevents clogging as well as heating up of the drill bit.
Reaming: Step drill bit gives you smooth edges on the holes instantly thus eliminating the need for a reamer.
Deburring: You can also use a step drill bit to deburr the hole you have drilled by lightly touching each side of the hole with bevel of the next step.
And although step drill bits have a range of benefits, there are a few downsides as well.
Twist Drill Bit

The twist drill bit is the type produced in largest quantity today. It comprises a cutting point at the tip of a cylindrical shaft with helical flutes; the flutes act as an Archimedean screw and lift swarf out of the hole.

History

The twist drill bit was invented by Steven A. Morse of East Bridgewater, Massachusetts in 1861.The original method of manufacture was to cut two grooves in opposite sides of a round bar, then to twist the bar (giving the tool its name) to produce the helical flutes. Nowadays, the drill bit is usually made by rotating the bar while moving it past a grinding wheel to cut the flutes in the same manner as cutting helical gears.

Twist drill bits range in diameter from 0.002 to 3.5 in (0.051 to 88.900 mm) and can be as long as 25.5 in (650 mm).

The geometry and sharpening of the cutting edges is crucial to the performance of the bit. Small bits that become blunt are often discarded because sharpening them correctly is difficult and they are cheap to replace. For larger bits, special grinding jigs are available. A special tool grinder is available for sharpening or reshaping cutting surfaces on twist drill bits in order to optimize the bit for a particular material.

Manufacturers can produce special versions of the twist drill bit, varying the geometry and the materials used, to suit particular machinery and particular materials to be cut. Twist drill bits are available in the widest choice of tooling materials. However, even for industrial users, most holes are drilled with standard high speed steel bits.

The most common twist drill bit (sold in general hardware stores) has a point angle of 118 degrees, acceptable for use in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials, although it does not perform as well as using the optimum angle for each material. In most materials it does not tend to wander or dig in.

A more aggressive angle, such as 90 degrees, is suited for very soft plastics and other materials; it would wear rapidly in hard materials. Such a bit is generally self-starting and can cut very quickly. A shallower angle, such as 150 degrees, is suited for drilling steels and other tougher materials. This style of bit requires a starter hole, but does not bind or suffer premature wear so long as a suitable feed rate is used.

Drill bits with no point angle are used in situations where a blind, flat-bottomed hole is required. These bits are very sensitive to changes in lip angle, and even a slight change can result in an inappropriately fast cutting drill bit that will suffer premature wear.

Long series drill bits are unusually long twist drill bits. However, they are not the best tool for routinely drilling deep holes, as they require frequent withdrawal to clear the flutes of swarf and to prevent breakage of the bit. Instead, gun drill bits are preferred for deep hole drilling.
What type of wood drill bit should you use for what job?
Drilling a hole into a wooden plank isn't an impossible job even for the beginning DIY-er. On the other hand, there's drilling wood and there's drilling wood. Are you screwing a few planks together, or are you building an entire garden shed? These jobs call for different types of wood drill bits, since they come in all kinds of shapes and sizes. After reading this article, you'll know exactly which wood drill bit you'll need for your job, so you're guaranteed a nice result.
The screw thread around this drill bit gives away that this is a snake drill bit. This spiral-shaped drill has a carver and a sharp centering point, which helps you put it into the wood at exactly the right spot. The spiral around the drill ensures the wood chips will be removed neatly, so you'll make a smooth, clean drill hole. Don't forget to drill at a low RPM, so the drill bit can make its way through the material calmly. A snake drill is useful for making deep holes, so thick wooden girders are no match for this type of wood drill bit.
Everything You Need to Know About Chisels
We’re going to discuss possibly the most important tool that can 10x your woodworking skills. That’s right, this post is all about chisels! Learn about the kinds of chisels, chisel sizes, the differences in steel, western chisels vs. foreign chisels, tool safety, and so much more.
If you’re like many woodworkers or DIYers, you’ve probably already got a few tools in your workshop. I’m guessing a drill, a saw, maybe some clamps, and you’ve probably made some pretty cool things! Check out this post on my nine must-have tools to 10x your woodworking skills. And if you missed any of these other posts in our woodworking 101 series check them out here: how to sharpen a chisel, how to use a carving knife, and how to cut dovetails by hand.
Now imagine you could build a table without any glue or screws that is stronger than any table you’ve ever sat at.
That sounds pretty cool, right?
You can do it with just a few hand tools that will take your projects from DIY to Craftsmen with just a little bit of practice and knowledge along the way.
Circular saw blade is an important tool and is widely used in wood industry. Its stability, cutting precision, and material-saving ability are the most important features, especially for wood processing industry because of the shortage of precious wood. The Chinese government strongly supports the improvement of timber utilization. Therefore, circular saw blade is becoming thinner and thinner currently for reducing kerf loss and improving the utilization of materials.
However, thermal stress is produced when circular saw blade is working, because the temperature at the edge of the blade is higher than that in other regions of the blade. It will cause high tangential compressive stress on the edge of the circular saw blade, causing a buckling deformation that reduces cutting precision, increases kerf loss, and shortens the saw’s life. Thin circular saw blade is more easily affected by thermal stress. For saving materials, the stability of saw blade is very important, especially for thin circular saw blade.

Top Environmental Benefits of Paper Bags
Paper bags have been part of trade and commerce for more than centuries. Traditionally cloth and jute bags were used to pack goods in larger quantities during its transfer from manufacturer or farms to retailers and shopkeepers then used the paper bags to distribute smaller quantity goods to end customers. In fact, paper bags are still used by small food retailers like – sweetshop owners, street food vendors, bakers and by small vegetable sellers.

On the other hand, a paper bag’s structural firmness and surface feature made it ideal to print high-quality images, logo, designs better as compared to a plastic bag, and that made paper bags a hit for fashion, luxury and premium gift packaging industry.
However, the contribution of a paper bag in business and commerce gradually remained restricted due to the industrialization and betterment of plastic packaging options that had higher endurance, strength, and capability to protect products, especially food item from the external environment –increasing the product’s shelf life. In fact, plastic ruled the global packaging industry for the last 5 to 6 decades. During these times, the world witnessed the ill effects of non-biodegradable waste of plastic packaging on the global environment. Plastic bottles and food packages congested the oceans to maintains, marine and land animal spices started to die with plastic deposits in their digestive systems, land fertility degraded due to plastic deposits in the soil.
Till 90’s these problems were spoken and written primarily in the circle of newspapers, scientific studies and in world summits. Then in the past few years, the effects of pollution started to hit the city people and day to day life of the common man. People now are falling sick due to polluted air, normal people (especially in Indian metropolitan cities) are now appreciating organizations, government bodies and individuals who are taking environmental responsibility steps.
In such a scenario adopting paper bags adds to brand appreciation. Either due to government ban or proactive steps to win customer appreciation, organizations gradually adopting biodegradable packaging solutions and using paper bags.
Nowadays the paper bag is a new trend. One can witness people carrying paper bags from almost from every place. People carry them to schools, offices and retail stores. Thus, it is very important to go for a creative solution as well. So that it can benefit both the business and most importantly the environment.
This trend has gained popularity owing to the people and businesses becoming more aware of the ecological surroundings. Also, several individuals want to use paper bags because they are easy to carry, clean and can hold items for a good duration of time.
You surely know how to wrap a gift, but sometimes, using a gift bag is just better. Maybe the gift is oddly shaped, or maybe you want to include multiple items in one present. Maybe you're just tired of wrapping paper. Whatever the reason, there's no shame in using a gift bag—but that doesn't mean you have to settle for a basic store-bought gift bag. These gift bag ideas prove that even the plainest paper bag can become something beautiful, and as an added bonus, making DIY gift bags are a fun, practical addition to the list of Christmas crafts you have planned to fill the open hours of this holiday season.
Picking Christmas gifts for everyone on your list is its own challenge, but any savvy gift-giver knows that presentation is a huge part of the total gifting package. Putting time and effort into wrapping or bagging your gifts makes the gift exchange even more of an experience, and using bags instead of gift wrap is one way to help your presents stand out. (Unlike wrapping paper, gift bags are also reusable year after year if they're taken care of, so your DIY gift bags can be a sustainability effort, too.)
Whether you're planning white elephant gifts or figuring out how to differentiate the gifts for your kids, creative gift bag ideas can help. Here, you'll see smart ideas for dressing up basic paper gift bags, plus DIY guides with the supplies and steps you need to make your bags shine. Read on for eight creative gift bag ideas—even if you haven't finished your holiday shopping, you can get your gift bags ready to go.
Corrugated boxes are a recyclable, recyclable green packaging product that is an essential tool for packaging. Corrugated boxes are used as transport packaging products, which play a very important role in the protective properties of the packaged goods. Corrugated boxes in the flow application, impact, vibration, static pressure, dynamic pressure, climatic conditions, etc., have become an important factor in the damage to the carton, so the physical properties of corrugated boxes determine whether the package can be intact the arrival of the land in the hands of consumers has become a major factor affecting the consumer experience. One of the most fundamental items in testing the physical properties of corrugated boxes is compressive strength, which is an important indicator for measuring the compressive strength of corrugated boxes. In this paper, several factors such as environmental humidity, structural size and structure are selected for research. Corrugated boxes with different humidity, different sizes and different structures were studied, and their compressive strength was gained, and the variation law was studied. By comparing the effects, the environmental humidity of the corrugated box and the influence of the structural size on the compressive properties are gained, and a more effective finite element model is gained. The results of this study have important guiding significance for the structural design of corrugated boxes in different geographical environments.
How to Choose a Jewelry Box
When most people think about jewelry boxes, they are thinking about something lovely and delicate that is perfectly suited to their bedroom décor. However, if you choose a jewelry box based solely on looks, this could mean that your precious items will get terribly tangled and even damaged.
Choose Wood
There are some gorgeous enamel and metal jewelry boxes out there, but when you want something that will keep your items safe and sound, consider wood.
Well-treated wood prevents moisture buildup, and it also provides a small amount of insulation for your jewelry.
In addition, wood has a lovely natural finish that provides deep and rich color all on its own.
Choose a lovely red oak, a pale poplar or pine or even a gorgeously decadent ebony jewelry box for your collection.
Consider Your Jewelry Collection
How many pieces of jewelry do you own? This is a great time to look at your jewelry and take quick inventory.
How many necklaces, rings and bracelets do you have, and how should they be stored? For example, if you mostly own rings, you will find that you should choose a jewelry box that has slots where you can put them.
If you mostly have small bracelets, consider a jewelry box that has lots of room in its drawers.
If you have more necklaces than anything else, you may need a type of jewelry box known as an armoire, which has an upright design and plenty of places to hang necklaces.
Touch the Lining of the Box
If you are buying a jewelry box from a brick-and-mortar store, you will be able to handle it beforehand.
Open the box and touch the lining. It should be completely lint-free and soft to the touch. An abrasive lining will scratch your jewelry, making it look old before its time.
If the jewelry box’s lining feels harsh to the touch, pass it by.
On the other hand, if you are in love with everything but the lining, you can choose to store your more delicate gemstones, such as pearls and opals, in jewelry bags before putting them into the box.
To Lock or Not to Lock?
If you are truly concerned about the safety of your jewelry, you should place the box in a temperature-controlled safe in your home, in a locked room, or in a safe deposit box at the bank.
In the event of a home invasion, a jewelry box can be easily picked up and removed from the premises. However, if your primary concern is young children, a simple lock on the box is typically all you need.
There are excellent jewelry boxes with childproof locks, which can keep your jewelry safe from meddling hands.
Box Design
Make sure that the jewelry box you choose matches your home design and décor.
For example, if you favor a very traditional Victorian design, choose a box with plenty of gorgeous details and scrolling decorations.
If you prefer something that is a great deal more modern, choose a very sleek box that is on the plainer side.
If you are someone who adores their jewelry, make sure that you have a fantastic place to keep it. A good jewelry box will make sure that your jewelry is safe for a lifetime.
What are Cosmetic Boxes?
Most of the time, we are not aware of the importance of the custom cosmetic packaging. But we know that it is important for us to choose a good and strong packaging to present our cosmetic products. After all, this is one of the first things the consumer will see when they come in contact with our cosmetic boxes.
Good Cosmetic Boxes, Packaging can be one of your most effective marketing tools and help you stand out from your competitors. More importantly, it can also be used to communicate your brand’s values, message and style. What are some ways to package your custom beauty boxes? Cosmetic packaging is the use of cardboard material to paper-wrap and/or box and contain various cosmetics (solid, fluid and semi-solid), makeup products. Such cosmetic products include: face creams, lipstick, hair colorants, tanning lotions, nail varnish’s or perfumes.
Cosmetic packaging is especially designed and developed to protect cosmetics from physical, chemical, biological and atmospheric factors. The cardboard structure encases the product in a way that it will not be exposed to its surroundings. UV inhibitors within the cardboard can also help prevent discoloration or degradation of contents. Not only does the paper-based exterior case provide support for fragile glass containers but it acts as protection against bumps and other external damages that could damage the content while still in transit. For example: for hair dyes, hair mascara & hair styling items — cardboard cosmetic packaging reduces color bleed and prevents harmful ingredients from coming into contact with user’s skin or scalp (to reduce risk of allergic reaction).
Make Your Own Customized Cosmetic Boxes!
Many people have the same problem: they can’t find the perfect cosmetic box packaging that matches their sense of style and expresses their personality. That’s where this website comes in. Here, at Blue Box Packaging you can print your own customized boxes to match your needs. Print custom-made boxes with your favorite designs and patterns, or customize them with your monogram or initials for a personalized touch.
Importance of Packaging for Your Cosmetic Product
Makeup is one of the most important beauty staples. It helps us feel beautiful and confident. We use it to highlight our best features and to hide less flattering ones. However, when we store our makeup in old shoe boxes or cluttered closets, it becomes impossible to find what we need. The result? A very frustrated and ugly you.
Thankfully, there are now custom made personalized cosmetic boxes that can help solve this problem. These organizers come in a variety of styles and sizes so it’s sure to work for your needs.

Mini Excavator Parts: OEM Rubber Products from Elasto Proxy
Mini excavator parts from Elasto Proxy are industrial rubber products for sealing and insulation. They are designed for compact or mini excavators, tracked or wheeled vehicles that can weigh up to 20,000 lbs. and are used in construction, landscaping, hole digging, pipe trenching, and snow removal. Unlike standard excavators, compact excavators can fit into smaller spaces and are easier to transport.
The mini excavator parts that original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) can buy from Elasto Proxy include:
Door gaskets
Window seals
Headliners
Floor mats
Firewall insulation
Silicone hoses and connectors
Other molded rubber and plastic parts
OEMs who partner with Elasto Proxy can buy mini excavator parts in low-to-medium volumes and benefit from of our value-added services. For example, Elasto Proxy can ship door seals on demand or according your sales forecast. With our kitting and assembling packaging, we can also deliver all of the rubber parts that you need for a build in the parts’ order of assembly.
Mini Excavator Cabin Parts
Door and window gaskets for mini excavators need to provide environmental sealing and sound reduction. Rubber seals that admit wind, water, dirt, and outside temperatures are ineffective, but so are gaskets that don’t reduce noise. If you’ve been cutting and bonding lengths of rubber in-house, ask Elasto Proxy how outsourced rubber fabrication can also help you to reduce labor costs and material waste.
For example, if a worker cuts a profile incorrectly, the mis-cut probably winds up in the trash. Asking a higher-paid employee such as a welder to cut and bond rubber adds excessive labor costs. Attaching gaskets with hand tools or messy liquid adhesives extends assembly times. Outsourced fabrication that’s combined with gasket taping, kitting, parts marking, and custom packaging can add value instead.
In addition to door seals and window gaskets, Elasto Proxy makes acoustic insulation such as headliners for mini excavators. Elasto Proxy can supply you with headliners in the colors and sizes that you need, and with pre-cut openings for fasteners. With our water jet cutting services, you won’t have to pay for or wait for tooling either. If you need molded parts, we can source these for you, too.
Mini Excavator Engine Parts
Mini excavator parts from Elasto Proxy include thermal-acoustic insulation that keeps heat and noise in the engine bay from reaching the cabin where the operator sits. Thermal insulation protects the cab from high temperatures that can cause driver discomfort and damage electronics. Acoustic insulation dampens sound-induced vibrations that can loosen fasteners and harm human hearing.
Thermal-acoustic insulation can provide mini excavator manufacturers with a complete solution. It consists of specialized materials that are assembled into a sandwich-like structure. The top layer is an aluminum facing or metallized Mylar that’s laminated to an elastomeric foam. This facing reflects radiant heat and withstands water and engine oil.
The middle of this insulation sandwich consists of a layer of hard rubber that stops loud engine sounds and a layer of acoustic foam for additional sound absorption. The bottom layer uses a pressure-sensitive adhesive with a removable liner. Taped insulation installs easily and eliminates the health and safety concerns of adhesive spraying.
OEM Rubber Products from Elasto Proxy
Like the gaskets in the cabin, engine insulation needs quality fabrication. Otherwise, potential buyers may assume that poor-quality mini excavator parts reflect larger flaws in a product design. Sealing and insulation that fails in the field can result in warranty work and equipment downtime. Success is readily achievable, however, so partner with us for the rubber parts that you need.
Demolition excavator parts need to provide reliable sealing and insulation because there are costs and consequences to defects. Leaky door and window gaskets can admit rain or snow that wets floors and seats. Using inadequate thermal or acoustic insulation can also diminish operator comfort and put safety at risk. From the cabin to the engine bay, demolition excavators need quality rubber components.
Cabin Sealing
Rubber gaskets are demolition excavator parts that provide both environmental sealing and acoustic insulation. Seals that admit wind, water, dirt, and outdoor temperatures are ineffective, but so are gaskets that fail to absorb road noise. In addition to quality, manufacturers need to consider labor and material costs. Ease-of-installation and the added value a gasket fabricator can provide are also worth considering.
Seal design follows a formula with three basic elements: compound, hardness, and profile. Use a compound, or type of rubber, that can withstand tough outdoor environments. Harder rubber provides greater impact resistance but can make it more difficult for a door or window to close. Softer rubber provides greater cushioning but is more prone to compression set, or permanent deformation. Profile refers to the shape of the gasket material, which is extruded into coils or lengths.
Cutting and bonding your own gaskets may seem inexpensive enough until you consider the true costs. If a worker cuts a profile incorrectly, the mis-cut become material waste. Asking a higher-paid employee such as a welder to cut and bond rubber adds excessive labor costs. Attaching gaskets with hand tools or messy liquid adhesives extends assembly times. Outsourced fabrication that’s combined with gasket taping, kitting, parts marking, and custom packaging can add value instead.
Engine Insulation
Demolition excavator parts include engine insulation that keeps heat and noise from the engine bay from reaching the cabin where the operator sits. Thermal insulation protects the cab from high temperatures that can cause driver discomfort and damage electronics. Acoustic insulation dampens sound-induced vibrations that can loosen fasteners and harm human hearing.
Thermal-acoustic insulation can provide equipment manufacturers with a complete solution. It consists of specialized materials that are assembled into a sandwich-like structure. The top layer is an aluminum facing or metallized Mylar that’s laminated to an elastomeric foam. This facing reflects radiant heat and withstands water and engine oil.
The middle of this insulation sandwich consists of a layer of hard rubber that stops loud engine sounds and a layer of acoustic foam for additional sound absorption. The bottom layer uses a pressure-sensitive adhesive with a removable liner. Taped insulation installs easily and eliminates the health and safety concerns of adhesive spraying.
WHAT IS VIBRATORY HAMMER?
Vibratory hammer is a machine used to drive tube and sheet piles in/out of the ground for constructing structures like bridges, harbours, roads, airports, canal works and so on. So they are quiet and have many advantages compared to traditional pile drivers which use a large weight to strike the pile. As an example, the greatest advantage is that vibratory hammers can drive and extract piles much faster. Besides this, they are small and lightweight, environmentally friendly and they can be used underwater. Moreover, in some vibratory hammers vibration can be fully controlled, which is a necessity if the work has to be carried out in residential or historical places.
Because vibro hammers use spinning counter-weights to create a vibration to the pile the resistance of the ground is reduced with vibration and by changing the formation of the ground. The vibratory piling machine transfers vertical vibrations to the pile via the hydraulic clamp. This, in turn, transfers vibration to the ground which reduces the friction between the pile and the ground. In other words, the high-speed vibration causes the soil to actually “liquefy” allowing the pile to be driven or extracted with less force. As a result, the pile is driven into the ground by a combination of the vibrator’s weight and centrifugal force it creates.
VIBRO HAMMER COMPONENTS:
Vibration Suppressor,
Vibration Case,
Hydraulic Clamp and
Power Unit.
VIBRATION SUPPRESSOR
The vibration suppressor assembly is mounted to the top of the vibration case to isolate vibration to the crane and permit pile extraction.
VIBRATION CASE
The vibration case contains high amplitude eccentric weights cast in one piece with gear which rotates in a vertical plane to create vibration. The eccentric weights are driven by hydraulic motors mounted on the vibration case. So the motors and eccentrics are all gear connected to maintain proper synchronization.
The eccentrics and motor shafts are mounted in a heavy-duty cylindrical bearing. The gear and bearing lubrication are provided by the radiator located in the Power Unit. There are oil pumps, installed to vibration case, circulating the oil between vibration case and radiator to reduce the oil heat in the vibration case.
HYDRAULIC CLAMP
Hydraulic clamp is the part of the vibrator which grips pile or tube. It contains two gripping jaws. One is “fixed” and one is “moveable”. Movable jaw is operated by the cylinder located in the clamp body. Besides this,there is a check valve on the clamp which keeps jaws closed in any kind of emergency.

POWER UNIT (HYDRAULIC POWER PACK)
Vibratory hammers are powered by the power unit. For excavator mounted hammers power unit is the excavator itself. For crane suspended hammers there is a power unit which is connected to the hammer by hydraulic hoses. There is a diesel engine inside the power unit which drives hydraulic pumps that create hydraulic pressure to operator vibro hammer. The diesel engine is mounted to a tubular frame that also serves as a diesel fuel tank. There are also emergency stop buttons on the machine.

If you are interested in vibratory hammer you may also want to learn about production process of vibro hammer in our manufacturing facility. Using our 30 years experience in this field we can perform special design and production to meet customers’ needs and requests.


FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF VIBRATORY PILE DRIVERS
Vibratory pile drivers are used to build harbors, bridges, airports, buildings, roads, rails, infrastructure, solar power, wind turbines, walls and many other foundation types. Vibratory pile drivers are modern and popular machinery for pipe, sheet and wooden piles. The most prominent feature of vibratory pile drivers is the sound power level. Impact hammers are very noisy owing to the fact that they make use of overweight to impact. However, vibratory hammer drivers are lighter and much faster as they do not apply extra force to the ground. Therefore that are more preferable in urban areas and downtowns.