How to Sharpen a Pencil
Sharpening a pencil correctly can be important, especially if you are an artist or just want your handwriting to look smooth. In fact, it can be an artisanal skill. There are several different ways you can sharpen a pencil.
Use a portable, manual sharpener. These usually come with two holes in a small plastic square. One hole is for a smaller pencil, and one is for a larger one.

• The benefit of using a manual sharpener is that they are cheap and portable. Again, if you're not careful, you can create an irregular pencil point.
  
  
• Simply put the pencil into the sharpener’s hole, and turn it several times to create a point. Sharpen over a garbage can, unless the sharpener has a plastic bubble designed to capture the shaving remnants.
  

• A downside of electric pencil sharpeners can be irregular sharpening. However, they are the easiest to use. Choose a pencil that is worth sharpening. The pencil’s lead (the graphite core) should not be off-center or it will be hard to shape into the normal conical point shape. Make sure the pencil is not bowed.
  
  
• Use an old rag in order to wipe the residue off the pencil after you sharpen it.
  

• You want to make sure the utility knife is sharp. You can sharpen your knives (carefully) with a knife sharpening stone or steel. Position the knife about ¾ of an inch up the shaft of the pencil. Start to remove the wood. Expose the graphite that is within the pencil itself.
  
  
• Push the blade of the knife through the pencil’s wood with your thumb holding the pencil. Push the knife toward the unsharpened end of the pencil as your non-dominant hand rotates the pencil. A thumb knuckle’s length away from the end of the pencil is how deep you want to go. Once you’ve exposed the graphite, you can shape it into a point.
  

Hallo alle,

wer hier von euch war eigentlich mal vor kurzem auf einer LAN Party und wenn ja, wo genau?

Guten Tag alle,

ich habe nun vor kurzem in einer Apothekenzeitschrift gelesen, dass Smartwatches
aufgrund des Elektrosmogs irgendwie gefährlich sein sollen,
was meint ihr dazu?

Moin Leute,

was ich echt sehr gerne wissen wollen würde ist, was ihr euch eigentlich
so alles zu Essen macht, wenn ihr gerade mal so eine Nacht durchspielt?

The Differences Between Forged Flanges and Cast Flanges
ARE FLANGES FORGED OR CAST?
Flanges can either be forged or cast. Both manufacturing methods have their advantages and disadvantages, depending on the application you have in mind for your flange. Here at Texas Flange, we primarily deal with forged flanges due to the outdated nature and lower standard of quality of cast flanges. Below, we will delve into the advantages and disadvantages of both forged steel flanges and cast iron flanges.
CAST IRON FLANGES
Casting is the process in which the metal is heated until molten then poured into a mold or vessel to create the desired shape. They are often used in cases that are too large, complicated, or other wise not suitable for forgings. Some of the advantages of flanges manufactured in this way include lower costs of production, the ability to make more intricate parts at lower costs, as well as having no true upper limit on size when it comes to your part.
There are, however, some drawbacks to cast iron flanges. The most important of these being how susceptible they are to internal defects. Due to this, cast flanges are not suitable for high pressure applications or applications in which the probability of corrosion is high. Despite advancement of casting technology and computer optimization of the casting process and designs, it is still difficult to meet the standards required for petrochemical industry applications.
FORGED STEEL FLANGES
Forging is the application of mechanical and thermal energy to steel billets or ingots to cause material to change its shape while still in solid form. Forgings offer consistency in composition and structure. Due to the nature of the production of forged flanges, the production costs are higher than that of cast flanges. Though they cannot have the complex shapes that cast flanges can be made in, their internal structure is more compact and therefore seldom have the defects the often affect cast flanges. Forging eliminates defects found in casting such as shrinkage, porosity, cavities, or cold pour issues.
Generally, forged flanges are stronger and more reliable than cast flanges because the grain flows of the steel are altered, confirming to the shape of the part. The tight grain structure of forgings makes the pieces mechanically stronger, and more resistant to general wear and tear than cast flanges. The higher quality, reliability, strength, and durability are why we deal mostly in forged flanges rather than cast flanges.
Here at Texas Flange, we offer forged flanges from 1/2″ nominal pipe size to 203″ OD in over a dozen different material grades. We value quality and strive to ensure that you are getting the right part for your application at a price and lead time that works for your business. Our salesmen work with you to ensure this. If you need a flange, give us a call at 281-484-8325 or send an e-mail to sales@texasflange.com to begin your inquiry. While you’re here , feel free to peruse our free informational blog posts, free 3-D and CAD drawings, or flange charts.
Different Types of Flanges and Their Uses
Used to connect valves, pipes and other equipment, flanges are forged rings that come in many different shapes and sizes and are used in a wide range of industries around the world. With so many varieties and specifications, it might be difficult at first to recognise which is the right one for you. Here's a rundown of some of the most common and popular types of the flange and their uses:
Weld Neck Flanges
Named for their protruding necks, these bulky flanges share the environmental stress of the pipe to which they are affixed and can, therefore, be used in extreme temperature or pressure situations.
Slip-on Flanges
Slip-on flanges slip onto the pipe – aptly named indeed – and are then welded on both the inside and outside. They're cheap, popular and best used in low-pressure, low-temperature applications.
Threaded Flanges
Threaded pipe flanges are similar in design to slip-ons but has a tapered thread, meaning it can be attached to pipes without welding. Like slip-on flanges, they're best used in low-pressure, low-temperature environments.
Blind Flanges
Blind flanges don't have a bore and are used to shut off sections of pipe. They're suitable for high-pressure applications, as well as for testing the flow of gas or liquid through a pipe.
Socket Weld Flanges
Typically used on small, high-pressure pipes like hydraulic pipes, socket weld flanges are able to accept pipe into the socket to create the fitting.
Orifice Flanges
Orifice flanges are used in conjunction with orifice plates to measure or restrict pressure or flow of gases and liquids in pipelines. They're often sold together with the plate and jack screws as a complete product.
The railway wheel
A typical railway wheel carries a load of about ten tonnes, roughly twice the equivalent for a road-going truck. The outer surface is called the tread. With a diameter typically of 1.0 m or less, the tread is roughly 100 mm wide. Like a pneumatic tyre, the railway wheel must handle the various forces needed to propel the vehicle forwards, slow it down, and hold it centrally on the track. But there are three striking differences. First, each railway wheel has a narrow lip or flange on the inside edge whose purpose is to stop the wheel from slipping off the rail. Second, the contact stresses between the wheel and the running surface are much more concentrated than those associated with a pneumatic tyre, reaching values that, paradoxically, exceed the yield point of the steel from which they are made. Third, railway wheels are almost always coupled together in pairs, each pair joined by a rigid axle to form what is known as a wheelset. A wheelset is extremely heavy by comparison with its equivalent on a road-going vehicle, and when you look at the various components, it’s not difficult to see why. Let's start with the disk.
One can think of a railway wheel as a solid disk whose tread is machined into the desired profile. In practice, some wheels have a separate ‘tyre’. The tyre, usually about 60 mm thick when new, is made of hardened steel. It is heated and pressed onto the wheel disk, where it shrinks as it cools and tightens its grip so that no bolts are needed to hold it in place. Ideally, for a smooth ride the diameter of the wheel should be as large as possible (see Section G1209), and in fact, the driving wheels on some early steam locomotives were 9 feet (over 2.7 metres) in diameter. They were magnificent examples of craftsmanship, and they needed to be large because they were driven by connecting rods, pistons and valve gear that were liable to fail if worked too fast, and a large wheel compensated by carrying the loco further along the track for each piston stroke. Later, when these limitations were overcome, the driving wheels were scaled down to a more manageable size. Nowadays, they are made of pressed steel, and for many the cross-section is wavy rather than flat. A wavy cross-section provides resilience and allows the rim to expand and contract slightly with changes in temperature without putting the disk under too much stress; useful properties for tread-braked wheels and those with separate tyres. Rubber inserts make the wheel more resilient still, helping to reduce any impact on the suspension when it passes over a gap in the rail.
What Is an Axle Shaft?
An axle shaft is a solid steel shaft that runs from the differential and gear set of an axle housing to the wheel. Used in two distinct configurations, the axle shaft can be a straight shaft with splines machined into each end to engage both the differential on one end and a drive flange on the other. It also can be a straight shaft with splines machined into the differential end and a flange on the other to mount a wheel to the axle. The first design is primarily used with a full floating axle design, while the latter is commonly used on passenger cars and light pickup trucks.
As a rule, this shaft is the thickest piece of steel on any given vehicle chassis. Designed to withstand the twisting force of the drive train as well as to support a portion of the vehicle's weight, an axle shaft is hardened to further enhance the natural strength of the steel used to manufacture the axle. Each specific shaft is hardened in a particular manner and design to best withstand the purpose for which it is designed to function. This hardening is the defining factor in creating an axle that will not break under stress from intended use.
On the typical passenger vehicle, the axle shaft has the wheel flange machined into the axle itself and comes as a single component. The wheel bearing is commonly pressed on to the outside end of the axle nearest to the wheel flange, and the wheel studs are installed through the flange. This design utilizes the wheel bearing to support the weight of the vehicle by placing the wheel bearing at the outer edge of the axle housing. In this configuration, the axle flange delivers power to propel the vehicle to the tire and wheel assembly.
Pressure Vessels
A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially higher or lower than the ambient pressure. Examples include glassware, autoclaves, compressed gas cylinders, compressors (including refrigeration), vacuum chambers and custom designed laboratory vessels.
Pressure vessels, autoclaves and steam sterilizers operating at pressures greater than 15 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) and larger than five cubic feet (ft3) volume fall within the Washington State Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. As such, they have strict requirements for design, testing and approval.
The pressure differential between the inside and outside of the pressure vessel, over pressurized glass vessel whether created from chemical reaction, compressed gas, heating, chilling, cooling or vacuum, is a potential hazard. Many serious or fatal accidents have occurred when a pressure vessel or a component failed and generated flying projectiles or released hazardous broken glasswarematerials.

Yoga Bags - A Helpful Medium
racticing yoga is very easy provided one does the yoga according to ones capabilities. It wouldn't be advisable for a 50-year-old person to attempt yoga for the first time and start doing poses which are done by 20-year-olds. So if you want to get yoga poses right then there are some things which will be handy for you such as mats, straps, physio balls, yoga foam blocks and many more. For all these things to be in one place there are different types of bags which can be helpful. These bags make your life easy and much more comfortable if you are juggling too many things.
Some of the different bags which are used in market
Nylon Zippered Yoga Mat Bag
These bags are very sturdy and are used for carrying yoga mats which are an integral part of practicing yoga.
Cotton Drawstring Yoga Mat Bags
This is made of 100% cotton with a strong strap to hold your yoga mats which have a drawstring closure.
Cotton Zippered Yoga Mat Bags
Made of 100% cotton, the difference between this bag and the drawstring bag is that it has zipper closure with two pockets.
The Journey Bag
With the hectic schedule everyone keeps traveling and many do not want to miss their practice of yoga which can be very easy to carry on while you are traveling.
The Cargo Bag
These bags are specially designed to carry the extra load which can be easily carry the load of your yoga accessories.
The H2Om Bag
To quench your thirst this bag has small pocket which can carry a bottle of your favorite drink or water, so that's the reason for the name of the bag.
There are many more bags in the market which are available and very easy to find.

How To Choose The Perfect Yoga Mat Bag For Easy Travel To And From Studio
A lot of us like a student classroom where you can gain further instruction and learn moves you haven’t seen before or maybe to try a new type of yoga discipline. This could easily mean trying that new yoga studio across town that your friends keep telling you about, or maybe a type of retreat in the outdoors. So, like anyway, sometimes it can be a lot of things to remember to grab and always missing that one essential makes all the difference.
Take for example your water bottle or if it’s hot yoga you won’t want to forget your towel. Perhaps, you want to try aerial yoga but you mustn’t forget straps! It can be a variety of things you need to remember when you’re on-the-go and it’s helpful to have an extra set of hands. That’s where the yoga mat bag comes into play.
Yoga mat bags are specifically designed to help carry all your workout needs including your mat. Depending on what you’re looking for they can accommodate several essentials or simply the mat itself. So, whatever your yoga needs are, there’s a bag to help support your journey.
This can be the tricky part as there are a lot of different types to consider. Think of what type of yoga you like, what your lifestyle is like, and what you would like to bring with you to a class. These are some important notes to make when narrowing down your choices.
Although most yoga mats are the standard size, it doesn’t mean all of them. This is a vital consideration as you may have a longer yoga mat than most and it could be difficult to roll up. In this case, it may be difficult to have a specific fabric size that wraps around a specific dimension as this won’t fit the needs of your mat. Triple check the size of your mat to save you extra time and money.
Just as we have different materials for yoga mats, there are also different materials for the bags that we carry them in. It may not seem like something to give much thought to, but that can lead to some issues. For instance, an eco-friendly mat may require a bag that allows for better ‘breathing’ as these sorts of mats may be prone to holding bacteria. Alternatively, Some other types of material may be easier to clean or provide a stronger defense in the accumulation of bacteria. Some of the popular yoga mat materials are cotton, polyester, canvas or neoprene.
When finding a yoga mat bag that works best for you it may be tempting to select the one that’s most eye-appealing. Yet, there’s a lot more to consider depending on your lifestyle and type of practice. It’s important to make sure you pick a yoga mat bag that is comfortable and that meets your needs.
For instance, if you plan on taking classes after work, it may be valuable to you to have extra room in your bag to keep all your belongings in one area. Perhaps, you simply want to carry in the mat itself inside the studio and just want a simple strap design. It all depends on an individual’s preferences and lifestyle as someone who is looking at the alternative would simply not be as satisfied with the latter.
Here are the different types of yoga mat bags:
Sling Strap: This is the simplest design out of the yoga mat bags as it is only two straps that wrap around the bag itself. You can carry the mat around this way but nothing else.
Sling Bag: This type of yoga mat bag includes the above function but is more of a sack that allows for you to slip in some belongings too. For example, you could slide your keys or a water bottle into this sort of bag and it will rest right next to your mat. It’s a simple, no-fuss kind of design.
Duffle or Tote: This bag is for someone who plans on carrying a lot more in their bag. For instance, if you are commuting to work and then to the gym, this may be a good option as this type of bag generally comes with some sleek designs and offers plenty of room.
Backpack: This is by far the most functional just because it is essentially a backpack. It can hold almost anything and securely straps the yoga mat beneath. It’s easy to use, incredibly handy and can handle almost anything. Perfect for outdoor yoga or if you’re running around and need something that can keep up with you.

Best Baseball Gloves: A Guide of What Models the Top Pros Use
Highlight-reel plays happen all over the diamond. Shortstops track down grounders in the hole, outfielders make diving catches and corner infielders snag hard-hit balls down the line.
While the defensive gems are applauded and replayed, the gloves themselves rarely get attention. Well, why would they? Gloves are inanimate objects controlled by players, after all.
But have you ever thought about the brand of baseball leather responsible for the defensive masterpieces?
Wonder no more. Between information on What Pros Wear, social media and photo database searches, we've tracked down some of the most popular gloves worn by top players in Major League Baseball.
While not limited to mitts, All-Star is a popular choice for catchers. The brand's chest protectors and leg guards are also regularly used.
Martin Maldonado won a Gold Glove in 2017 with the All-Star CM3000 on his left hand. He posted a .998 fielding percentage while throwing out 38.7 percent of would-be base stealers. All-Star advertises the CM3000 as exclusively using Japanese tanned steer hide.
Two-time All-Star Jonathan Lucroy has a similar mitt, and Gary Sanchez, Salvador Perez and Russell Martin have all previously used the brand.
Nike puts an emphasis on catcher's gear, likely because the players at the position spend the most time on camera during a game. Beyond shrewd marketing, though, Nike also has a handful of top players wearing gloves.
Boston Red Sox closer Craig Kimbrel, New York Mets ace Noah Syndergaard and San Francisco Giants starter Johnny Cueto all wear leather from the Sha/Do series. Los Angeles Angels second baseman Ian Kinsler has a similar glove.
Washington Nationals standout Stephen Strasburg and Yankees veteran CC Sabathia also rock Nike mitts. George Springer of the Houston Astros counts on the Vapor series to squeeze fly balls.
Prior to the 2018 season, Marcus Stroman rocked a can't-miss Blue Jays-colored glove by the brand.
Chris Sale has relied on Mizuno throughout his career, and the Boston Red Sox star has celebrated six All-Star appearances.
The most popular line is the Pro series, and Corey Kluber, Didi Gregorius, Andrelton Simmons and Tucker Barnhart all sport one. That's quite an impressive list.
Kluber has earned a pair of Cy Young Awards in his career, and Gregorius is a highly valued shortstop with the Yankees. Simmons is a three-time Gold Glover, and Barnhart earned his first such award during the 2017 season.
According to What Pros Wear, Ian Desmond—a versatile piece for the Colorado Rockies—relies on several Mizuno gloves, depending on the position he's asked to play.
Tips On Choosing Pet Carriers
The secret is out on Pet Carriers. They are really a convenient and easy way to travel with. When traveling with your small pet, what could be easier than with a smart, portable and stylish carrier for your dog or cat. Pet carriers contain your pet in a small confined and a safe place for transportation. It comes with a handle on the top for ease of carrying and loading.
The carrier allows your pet to feel safe and secure in their environment. This is a great choice for nervous and hyper pets. Many things can frighten your small dog or cat, such as new places, strangers, a crowd or even other pets. By confining their space and familiar surroundings, the carrier can help to calm your pet.
It may take an adjustment for them when you bring your carrier home for the first time. It will be new to them and they may balk at the first time you try to put them in their carrier. So letting them adjust slowly to this new space, will help them to become more familiar and less frightened. Adding their favorite blanket and toys helps them to adjust to their pet carrier also. Beginning with short trips at first allows your pet to adjust and relax in their carrier. Making for a peaceful and happy outing.
Pet Carriers come in a wide variety of styles, shapes, and sizes. But choosing the right type carrier for your pet may take a little time and research to find just the right one. Looks and style are nice, but the right size, proper ventilation and comfort for your pet are some of the best things to look for when choosing your carrier. Start out by measuring your pet for height and width. You want to make sure they are able to stand up and turn around easily. Also, are they grown are do they still have some growing to do? Take in mind they may be in their pet carrier for extended periods of time. If you are traveling with them always remember to carry small tote-able break resistant pet bowls for their food and water, as your pet will become thirsty and hungry.
If you plan to fly with your pet you need to know the rules. Most carriers are airline approved, but before traveling on a plane with them you should always check with the airlines you will be flying with for all their rules and regulations on flying with your pet and their requirements on carriers. Some of the small carriers can fit right under the seat. Also, keep in mind you will have to carry your pet and carrier through security.
Pet Carriers do come in different styles and colors. So this enables you with many more choices when deciding on the best carrier for your pets needs. There is no better way to keep your pet safe and secure when traveling than with a pet carrier. And you will arrive at your destination with a happy and safe pet.
Measuring the impact of an equipment bag for on call physiotherapy staff
Purpose: Respiratory physiotherapy on call is provided across a variety of specialist areas at Leicester Royal Infirmary (LRI) and not all wards stock necessary respiratory equipment but can have deteriorating patients requiring on-call input. Not all staff work at the LRI site and or have completed a respiratory rotation there. Staff were reporting difficulty and increased time spent locating equipment which increased stress and anxiety levels both before and during on call shifts, and delaying patient care. The aim was to examine whether a on-call bag stocked with essential respiratory equipment was conducive to improving efficiency and reducing stress levels on and during on call shifts.
Methods: An equipment bag created at two sites (LRI and Glenfield) which are staffed by different rotas with the bags stocked identically in the event of cross site cover. The contents of the bag were decided by two senior physiotherapists, and guided by informal feedback from the adult and paediatric respiratory teams. It was launched in August 2019 at LRI site and it's use was encouraged to all staff on-call. Survey monkey questionnaire was sent out to all on call staff at LRI 3 months later to collect data and feedback regarding its use.
Results: 14 responses collected in total from LRI site. 8/14 had used the equipment bag and 8/14 reported it had all the equipment necessary for on call work. All 14 responses reported the bag was beneficial. 9/14 reported it had ’improved efficiency’ and 3/14 reported it ’reduced anxiety about being on call’. Those who had not used the bag stated this was due to ’not needed to’.
Conclusion(s): Everybody who responded to the survey felt the bag was beneficial. Based on the feedback, we can conclude that everybody who used the on call bag felt it had everything they needed for their on call treatment. It could be assumed that those who did not feel the need to use the on call bag were more familiar with the site. Majority felt it improved efficiency which was one of the primary aims. Only 3/14 felt it had reduced anxiety however. Only 14 responses were collected after a relatively short period of usage therefore future work could collect feedback from a larger sample size. It may be also beneficial to compare average time spent on call pre and post implementation.
Impact: Overall, implementation of an equipment bag was positively received by staff across LRI hospital site and it's use was continued after the initial 3 months as a result of this. It is relatively cheap to buy and easy to maintain. It could be implemented across other NHS trusts to improve efficiency on call and reduce stress levels, particularly amongst new band 5 physiotherapists - although more data would need to be collected to concretely prove this hypothesis.

What is a ground-mounted solar panel?
Ground-mounted solar panels are solar panels that are installed at the ground level Ground-mounted systems function very similarly to rooftop solar systems – panels are exposed to sunlight which is converted to electricity by solar cells in order to power a single building or, in the case of solar farms, communities.
Here are the top three things that you need to know about ground-mounted solar panels and energy production:
1. In many cases, ground-mounted solar panels can be your best option
While rooftop solar arrays are the most common choice for homeowners, there are many reasons to consider a ground-mounted solar panel system.
Generally, ground mount solar panels cost a bit more than rooftop solar on a per-watt basis because of additional labor and permitting that may be required for the installation. That being said, if your property isn’t ideal for rooftop solar, installing a ground-mounted system can actually save you more money in the long run.
Rooftop solar arrays are restricted by the characteristics of the roof on which they are installed. If your roof isn’t at the right angle, doesn’t face south, or has obstructions like chimneys or skylights, then your solar array will be less productive. On the other hand, ground-mounted solar panels can be located wherever the conditions are best.
In addition, if your home uses a lot of electricity, your roof might not be big enough for a solar energy system that meets your electricity needs. In contrast, ground-mounted solar systems can be sized to match your electricity consumption without the space restrictions of a rooftop system.
2. Not all ground-mounted solar panel systems are created equal
There are two basic types of ground-mounted solar panel systems:
Standard ground-mounts use metal framing driven into the ground to hold your solar panels up at a fixed angle. Some standard ground-mounted solar panel systems can be manually adjusted a few times a year to account for seasonal shifts of the sun.
Pole-mounted solar systems support multiple solar panels on a single pole and elevate panels higher off the ground than a standard ground mount. Pole-mounted solar often incorporates tracking systems, which automatically tilt the solar panels to capture the optimal amount of sunshine.
Tracking systems can increase the production of your solar panels by 25 percent or more. If you decide to add a tracking system to your ground-mounted solar array, you have the option of either a single-axis or a dual-axis system. Single-axis tracking systems move your solar panels over the course of the day to follow the sun as it moves through the sky. Dual-axis tracking systems can also adjust based on seasonal variations in the sun’s position.
Solar Mounting Structures: Racking Matters
Globally, solar installations have been growing at an impressive pace. A large share of growth has been contributed from India, and with 100GW of target by 2022 in its hand, India is on the verge of becoming the world’s biggest solar nation. Continuous reduction in the solar system prices with respect to higher grid rates is resulting in increasing global demand for solar solutions and thus leading to its rapid growth. Solar is undeniable the future and a leading source of renewable energy. Solar panels work best when they receive shade free sunlight for maximum number of hours, mounted at precise tilt angle with face directed towards the south. This is where Solar Panel Mounting Structures comes into the picture. One of the largest areas of innovation within solar panel installation involves the mounting system.
Module Mounting Structures play a vital role in efficient working of a solar power system, both in utility and rooftop. While most of the components of balance of system (BOS) such as inverter, DC cables, junction boxes, transformers, etc. are readily bought from the equipment suppliers, the workmanship of an EPC contractor is reflected mainly through module mounting structures and wiring management.
These structures help panels to rest com-fortably, prevent from being damaged and more importantly position them at precise tilt angle to harness maximum sun’s energy. Mounting structures can be made for rooftops, ground mounting, carports and sun tracker solutions which now have seen a lot of developments in terms of weight, material, adaptability and ease of installation. There have been many technological innovations that have led to reduced cost, faster and better installation, high durability and with enhanced output.
Recent installation of solar project in India has adopted various Solar Mounting Tech-nologies and design which include the structures made of galvanized iron as well as aluminum structures. Some of the projects have adopted a combination of steel structure and aluminum structure where in vertical legs are made off hot dipped galvanized steel and rest of the members are made off extruded aluminum structure. Typically module mount structure comprises of following components.
Moreover, falling cost for module mounting structures has been one of the biggest contributor to the fall in project cost. They have fallen by almost 60% in the past 4-5 years. The manufacturing of structures is a fairly consolidated market with the top five companies in India controlling 80% of the market share. These players have a cumulative capacity of 2,300 MW per year. This might seem like a solid base for future growth. However, the demand in India is cyclical and driven by policies. Timely deliveries for the entire 2,300 MW will already be an issue, leave alone catering to a 4,000-5,000 MW market. The costs for mounting structures can also go up if there is a spike in capacity addition. However, this increase will be short lived as companies can start buying parts of the structure from other steel fabricators.
Any solar system is designed to function for 20 to 25 years thus material plays an important role in the overall solution. The strength of the material is defined by the geography and environment of the location being installed. Hence, there is a growing need for highly durable, rust-free, corrosion-resistant materials in the industry. This is leading to the emergence of evolutionary products like rust-resistant steel that have become highly popular in the solar panel market with its competitive pricing and greater durability. There are several types of steel depending on its weight, strength grade and coating which involves different prices. While selecting the material one should look at the warranty provided by the company for maximum return on investment. Probably, the most competitive solar product market, mounting systems are an important element of solar arrays—they secure solar panels to the roof or the ground. Here, we go over the basic categories of roof-mounted solar systems to help new installers get a grasp on installation.
Types of Solar Mounting Structures
The correct and proper choice of the Mou-nting Structures for solar system projects is very essential in terms of the overall production, efficiency and lifetime of the solar panels. Since it is a costly investment, the choice of mounting systems should not be disregarded as a minor consideration. Solar modules need to be secured, mounted and tightened on a very stable and durable structure, protecting the array against imp-acts from wind, hail, rain, snow and even minor earthquakes. They are either mounted on ground, on roofs or on poles. There are five basic types of mounting structures of which four are fixed-angle types and one variable-angle type:

1. Roof Mounted Racks
   
   
2. Ground Mounted Racks
   
   
3. Top-of-pole Mounted Racks
   
   
4. Side-of-pole Mounted Racks
   
   
5. Tracking System Mounted Racks
   

• weather protection (water proofing, sun protection);
  
  
• thermal insulation;
  
  
• noise protection;
  
  
• daylight illumination; and/or
  
  
• safety.
  

The Benefits of Back To Wall Toilets
With so many styles of sanitaryware to choose from, it can be difficult to know where to start. On choosing your preferred style of toilet, you'll want to know if it will entail any additional work. From your single washroom at the back of a restaurant to a multi-site rollout, the devil is in the detail.
What is a back to wall toilet?
A back to wall toilet essentially means that the user's back will sit flush against the wall when seated, as opposed to a cistern. When entering the cubicle, you'll be presented with the toilet pan, but the cistern, which holds the water for flushing, will not be visible.
Why choose a back to wall toilet?
A lot of people go for this option as it can make the space inside the cubicle seem much bigger. However, sometimes it's a move to prevent tampering or accidental damage. When the cistern is exposed like on your traditional domestic toilet, users can remove or damage moving parts. Back to wall toilets can also look very slick and smart, maintaining a simple design aesthetic throughout your wash space.
Things to bear in mind
Although back to wall toilets have no cistern on show, the water for flushing them has to come from somewhere. Most often, it is hidden within a false wall known as a duct set. This conceals all the pipework and the cistern within. This creates what’s known as an integrated plumbing system (IPS). The panels, which conceal the cistern can be removed with a key or special tool, making maintenance simple, but protecting your washroom from vandalism and accidental damage.
Hidden benefits
Because back to wall toilets are partnered with an IPS system, the cubicle has reduced surface areas. This is because you essentially have four flat wall surfaces and a small protruding toilet pan. This makes the washroom easier to clean and when used across large sites like schools, museums, and universities, can bring significant value. With fewer moving parts on display, they often need less maintenance compared to close coupled toilets too.
Wall Hung WC Pans
Cleaning Accessibility
Perhaps the most obvious advantage of the wall-hung toilet pan is down to the fact it hovers several inches off the floor. This allows you to easily clean around and underneath it. Unlike with a more conventional toilet style, there are no nooks and crannies for dust and dirt to get trapped in, no sealant holding it to the floor to discolour over time, and pretty much no hard-to-reach areas.
Many wall-mounted toilets have smooth sides that are easily wiped clean, and a good quality pan such as the Britton Compact Wall Hung Toilet have a special antibacterial coating for easy cleaning.
Superior Use of Space
Wall hung toilets are a great space-saver. Without the extra bulk of a visible cistern sitting on the pan they take up much less space in the bathroom, and can be placed closer to furniture, shower enclosures, or whatever else you are planning for your bathroom.
You do of course have to account for the space needed to conceal the hidden cistern and frame, but clever planning, use of stud walls and the latest compact designs means that overall, wall-mounted toilets are an excellent option for smaller spaces.
And it's not just the physical space they save. The fact that they are not sitting on the floor creates the illusion of a more spacious bathroom, with less clutter taking up floor space.
Wow-Factor & Style
Whilst taste is very much a subjective thing, most people are at the very least intrigued if not impressed by a toilet floating off the wall. They are certainly popular, but not prevalent enough to have become the norm in modern bathrooms, so a stylish wall-mounted toilet combined with a beautiful bathroom design always impresses.
Wall Mounted Toilet Weight Limit
A properly installed frame and wall hung toilet combination should comfortably support 200kg (30 stone) or more. If you're of a stocky build we don't recommend that you 'drop' down on it heavily but in all our years as a bathroom retailer we have never heard of a wall-hung toilet breaking off from the wall, or pulling down the entire stud wall.
Again, it stands to reason that you be selective with your choice of bathroom installer. An experienced plumber will know exactly how to install the toilet so it safely stands the test of time.
What is a Close Coupled Toilet?
There are so many different styles of toilets these days that our customers often get a bit overwhelmed. Sure it's easy for us, because we work with these products every day and it's our job to know them inside out, but that doesn't mean you have to. That's why we've put together this helpful guide that will explain exactly what a close coupled toilet is as well as a Q & A of the style too, to help you make the right choice for you and your new bathroom. Ready? Let's go…
Why is it called a close coupled toilet?
It's called a close coupled toilet because the bowl and cistern are closely coupled together, unlike the old fashioned edition in which the cistern was suspended overhead, often a few feet from the bowl. A close coupled toilet is a modern take on the traditional form and has been adapted to look modern or traditional to suit your style and bathroom theme.
How does a close coupled toilet work?
The toilet bowl and cistern are connected together allowing the water to evacuate from the cistern into the bowl using either a flush button or handle. Most models will have the option of either a 3 litre or 6 litre flush, which puts you in control of your home's water consumption.
How popular is a close coupled toilet?
A close coupled toilet is one of our bestselling styles. They are easy to install, low cost, durable and hard wearing, most come with a dual flush button, they're available in short projections which is ideal in a small bathroom or en-suite and they're immune from water damage.
Is a close coupled toilet old fashioned?
Only if you want it to be. We have a huge range of close coupled toilets to choose from with highly modern designs or classic traditional designs depending on the look you want to achieve.
One Piece vs. Two Piece Toilet: What's The Difference?
It's simple: A two piece toilet has a separate tank and bowl, while a one piece is all connected. But there are other differences, too. One piece toilets are typically heavier and easier to clean, and there's less space for bacteria to grow. Because two piece toilets feature a detachable tank, they're more customizable for preferred styles and heights.
Both styles can include bells and whistles like bidet attachments or low-flow energy saving. Also, either can be shaped in the standard styles: elongated, which is slightly longer, and round.
Because one piece toilets are heavier, they can be more expensive to ship if you order one online.
Pros and Cons
One piece toilets
Pros:
More durable;
Easier to clean;
Higher end look.
Cons:
More expensive;
Heavier.
Two piece toilets
Pros:
Less expensive;
More options for look/height.
Cons:
Less durable (more likely to break);
More complex installation;
Greater chance of a leak;
Lower end look.
What Exactly Do Smart Toilets Do?
Smart Toilets have revolutionized the bowel movement experience. Many people do not have the slightest idea what a smart toilet could offer other than the conventional experience. But the features and functionalities of the modern intelligent toilet might surprise you.

Smart toilets provide a completely touch-free and hygienic bathroom experience. They have automated systems that eliminate the need to ever open or close the lids. The toilet will water-rinse, clean and air dry you afterwards. It will also thorough-clean, sanitize and deodorize itself after use.
We have compiled a list of the most important and interesting functions smart toilets have to offer. If you want to find out more we invite you to keep on reading.
Smart toilets have sensors to detect your movement and will auto lift the lids once you approach them. The automatic lids will open upon anticipating your arrival with preheated seats ready for your descent. After having done your business you can walk away, and the lids will automatically shut.
Being a favorite feature in the industry, this alone might make it worth the money. This will at least avoid any future arguments with your significant other.
A pre-mist will wet the bowl when sitting down which prevents anything from sticking to it. It prevents any matter from adhering when the bowl is dry, and it helps to keep the bowl clean afterward for you to have less cleaning to do. It is 80% more effective than a dry bowl. It keeps everything clean without harsh chemicals.
During the winter months, freezing toilet seats are an unpleasant chill on the butt cheeks when sitting down.
Most smart toilet manufacturers have thought of this and have built-in automatic preheated seats. This feature eliminates the morning unpleasantness.
They also work together with the sensors that detect your movement. After having used the toilet for a few months the system will figure the most effective times to preheat the toilet seats.
Your device will certainly have an energy-saving mode like your smart TV which is only activated when in use. Most manufacturers also have built-in functions to fit your needs.

Bad Ignition Coil Symptoms: 5 Signs You May Need a Replacement
All cars have an ignition system with one or more ignition coils. Ignition coils are designed to convert the low-voltage from the battery into the high-voltage needed to fire the spark plugs.
Because ignition coils are such an integral part of the ignition system, they almost always cause noticeable symptoms when they fail.
Signs of a Bad Ignition Coil
Do you think your car might have a bad ignition coil? If you’re experiencing one or more of the following symptoms, you may be right.
Engine Misfire
Since ignition coils play a role in igniting the engine’s air-fuel mixture, a faulty coil can easily cause a misfire. A misfire happens when there’s incomplete combustion (or zero combustion) inside one or more of the engine’s cylinders.
The phenomenon will feel like a hesitation or shaking when the car is running. You may notice the problem intensifies when the engine is under a heavy load (e.g., accelerating).
Illuminated Check Engine Light
On modern cars, a computer (often referred to as the powertrain control module), looks for problems that could potentially lead to an increase in vehicle emissions. One such problem is an engine misfire caused by a faulty coil. The PCM will usually detect the misfire—and possibly an issue with the coil’s electrical circuit—and turn on the check engine light.
Car Won’t Start
While most modern engines have one ignition coil per cylinder, older vehicles use a single coil to supply voltage to all of the spark plugs. If that lone coil fails, none of the cylinders will receive spark, resulting in a car that cranks but doesn’t start.
The Engine Stalls
Like most electrical devices, ignition coils can experience intermittent problems. When this happens, the engine may stall unexpectedly. Stalling mostly happens to engines with just one ignition coil.
Reduced Fuel Economy
A faulty ignition coil usually results in an engine that misfires and runs poorly, leading to a reduction in fuel economy.
What Does an Ignition Coil Do?
An ignition coil is a transformer that converts battery voltage into the tens of thousands of volts needed to fire the spark plugs. Ignition coil operation is based on a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction—a process that uses a magnetic field to generate electrical current.
Inside the coil, there are two sets of windings. The so-called primary windings contain a hundred or so coils of wire, whereas the secondary windings have thousands of coils of wire.
When the ignition coil is energized, battery voltage flows through the primary windings, creating a magnetic field. Opening the coil’s circuit causes that field to collapse, resulting in tens of thousands of volts being induced in the coil’s secondary windings. The high voltage from the secondary windings then travels from the coil to the rest of the ignition system.
It’s important to note that there are different types of ignition coils. Older vehicles have a single ignition coil that’s connected to a distributor via an ignition wire. High-voltage travels from the coil to the distributor, which, in turn, distributes that voltage to the individual spark plugs and wires.
Newer vehicles use either coil-on-plug (COP) ignition coils or coil packs. Engines with a COP ignition system have one ignition coil per cylinder. Each coil sits directly on top of a spark plug.
Meanwhile, a coil pack is a group of ignition coils combined together in a single molded block. With this design, each cylinder gets its own ignition tower but shares its coil with a companion cylinder.
How to Test a Two-Stroke Engine's Ignition Module and Coil
The ignition coil or module for a two-stroke engine regulates the ignition power, and converts it to charging electricity for the battery system. When the module and coil begin to fail, it's typically because the units have been burned out. The result will be an engine that performs badly, if it starts at all. Testing such units involves using a few electrical tools to gauge if the part still works, since most modules and coils are sealed with no serviceable parts.
Step 1
Disconnect the spark plug cap from the spark plug. Carefully remove the plug wire to the ignition coil from its hooks that keep it in place on the engine. Pull the plug wire out of the coil where it inserts: It's typically just pushed-in onto a spike in the coil.
Step 2
Use a screwdriver to disconnect the coil unit from its harness, or bracket on the engine. Put the securing screws aside. Carefully pull the coil off the bracket, and then carefully disconnect the engine and vehicle wires from the coil itself.
Step 3
Attach the ends of a multimeter to the coil connections for input and to ground, testing electrical resistance in the unit. Replace the coil unit with a new one, if the reading shows as infinity or zero. This means that there is no resistance the unit is burned out.
Take the good unit, or a new coil and reconnect it to the engine bracket. Insert a new length of spark plug wire, after connecting the spark plug cap to one end. Insert the other end into the coil receptacle for the wire. Reconnect the spark plug cap to the spark plug.
Ignition Coil: Basic Principles
The design of a conventional ignition coil is basically similar to that of a transformer. The ignition coil's task is to induce a high voltage from a low voltage. Alongside the iron core, the main components are the primary winding, the secondary winding, and the electrical connections.
The laminated iron core has the task of amplifying the magnetic field. A thin secondary winding is placed around this iron core. This is made of insulated copper wire about 0.05-0.1 mm thick, wound around up to 50,000 times. The primary winding is made of coated copper wire about 0.6-0.9 mm thick, and is wound over the secondary winding. The ohmic resistance of the coil is around 0.2–3.0 Ω on the primary side and around 5–20 kΩ on the secondary side. The winding ratio of primary to secondary winding is 1:100. The technical structure may vary depending on the ignition coil's area of application. In the case of a conventional cylinder ignition coil, the electrical connections are designated as terminal 15 (voltage supply), terminal 1 (contact breaker), and terminal 4 (high-voltage connection).
The primary winding is connected to the secondary winding via a common winding connection to terminal 1. This common connection is known as the "economy circuit," and is used to simplify coil production. The primary current flowing through the primary winding is switched on and off via the contact breaker. The amount of current flowing is determined by the coil's resistance and the voltage applied at terminal 15. The very fast current direction caused by the contact breaker changes the magnetic field in the coil and induces a voltage pulse, which is transformed into a high-voltage pulse by the secondary winding. This passes through the ignition cable to the spark plug's spark gap and ignites the fuel-air mixture in a gasoline engine.
The amount of high voltage induced depends on the speed of change in the magnetic field, the number of windings on the secondary coil, and the strength of the magnetic field. The opening induction voltage of the primary winding is between 300 and 400 V. The high voltage on the secondary coil can be up to 40 kV, depending on the ignition coil.
How to Tell if You Have a Faulty Coil Pack
On newer vehicles, a coil pack replaces the distributor. It is an electronically controlled pack of ignition coils regulated by the car's computer and is used to create the spark for each engine cylinder's spark plug. Generally speaking, coil packs are much more reliable than distributors, because there are no moving parts and because they fire much less often than a distributor. Coil packs usually create a better spark, which in turn produces better combustion and horsepower in a car's engine.
How a Coil Pack Works
When creating a spark at the spark plug, the fire must initiate from a high voltage supply, so as much fuel as possible burns in the cylinder. Whenever the combustion process is started, the coil pack builds up the energy, as much as 50,000 to 75,000 Volts. When the electronic control module (the car computer) sends the signal to the ignition control, the voltage is released from the coil pack through the spark plug cables to the spark plug.
When the spark travels to the spark plug, it jumps from the spark plug gap to the ground, causing an explosion of the fuel air mixture inside the cylinder chamber.
Coil Pack Problems
Usually, if a coil pack is bad, there will be a loss of fire or spark in one or more cylinders. This causes what's commonly referred to as misfiring. Misfiring can cause drag on the crankshaft, and usually results in a very poor performing engine.
Common Symptoms of a Faulty Coil Pack
A faulty coil pack will generally have symptoms similar to a faulty spark plug. Some of the most common tell tale signs that a coil may be defective include:
A rough idle
An unexplainably louder-than-usual engine
A noticeable lack of power
A significant drop in RPMs while accelerating for no apparent reason
A blinking or intermittently activating check engine light
An active gas warning light when the vehicle has plenty of gasoline
Smoke from the exhaust emitting intermittently, instead of in a steady stream
What Coil Pack Works with a Rotary Engine?
Most rotary engines require a different type of ignition coil pack. Below are two, one for a standard replacement, and one that is a higher voltage performance type coil pack.
Original Equipment Replacement
Beck Arnley is a well known name in the automotive ignition parts industry. They are favored by many mechanics, especially those that work mostly on import cars. The Beck Arnley 178-8025 rotary engine coil pack is a direct replacement for original equipment parts on older Mazda cars with a rotary engine. You can expect to pay about $55 for one.
Performance Replacement
M&W Ignition Systems is a fairly well known name in the import performance market. Their part number PAK005 is a high performance ignition coil pack for the performance enthusiast who isn't afraid to spend a little more on a high quality high performance part. With prices running around $245 for a double coil pack for direct fire ignitions, these coil packs will deliver years of excellent performance.
When ordering a coil pack for your rotary engine equipped car, you need to know the year and model as well as the engine displacement to ensure you are given the correct parts.

What's the Difference between a Start and a Run Capacitor?
Capacitors in General
A capacitor is an energy storing device. It is a medium by which energy is stored to either be released suddenly or over a period of time. The energy or capacitance of an electric capacitor is measured in the form of micro-farads. Essentially, two plates are separated by a material known as a dielectric or insulator. These insulators can be mica, ceramic, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon, glass, or rubber. Capacitors will also limit the current. They can be used to store voltage or build it up until the call for it to be released is present.
Start Capacitors
A start capacitor is found in the circuit of start windings when the motor is starting. This capacitor contains a higher capacitance than a run capacitor. It varies, but a start capacitor will measure between 70 and 120 micro Farads. The start capacitor provides an immediate electrical push to get the motor rotation started. Without a start capacitor when the voltage is applied, the motor would just hum. The start capacitor creates a current to voltage lag in the separate start windings of the motor. The current builds up slowly, and the armature has an opportunity to begin rotating with the field of current.
Run Capacitors
A run capacitor uses the charge in the dielectric to boost the current which provides power to the motor. It is used to maintain a charge. In AC units, there are dual run capacitors. One capacitor provides power to the fan motor. The other sends power to the compressor. Run capacitors measure in at approximately 7-9 micro-Farads. The value or rating of the run capacitor must be accurate. If the value is too high, the phase shift will be less than perfect and the winding current will be too high. If the capacitor value/rating is too low, the phase shift will be higher and the winding current will be too low. If run capacitors are not ideal, then the motor could overheat and the true torque will not be enough to drive current.
What is Equivalent Series Resistance?
The equivalent series resistance of a capacitor is the internal resistance that appears in series with the capacitance of the device. Almost all capacitors exhibit this property at varying degrees depending on the construction, dielectric materials, quality, and reliability of the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) values range from a few milliohms to several ohms, and results into power losses, reduced efficiency, and instability of power supplies and regulators circuits.
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The aluminum electrolytic capacitors and tantalum ones, have higher ESRs than ceramic capacitors of the same capacitance and voltage rating. The polypropylene and polyester capacitors fall in between, but are not commonly used in the SMPSs due to their large physical sizes.
Main parts of an ESR
Metallic resistance
Electrolytic and paper resistance which is dependent on frequency and temperature
Dielectric which depends on frequency
Factors that increase the ESR value
Bad electrical connections; – The connection between the copper leads and the aluminum plates in the capacitor are usually welded or made using mechanical crimps. This type of connections introduces some series resistance, and is used because the aluminum cannot be soldered.
The drying of capacitor electrolyte solution. As the liquid component of the electrolyte dries out due to elevated temperatures, the electrical resistance increases.
ESR increases with increase in temperature and frequency. In power supplies with high currents, the power dissipation associated with the ESR may further increase the temperature and lead to capacitor failure.
Minimizing ESR in circuits
High performance applications use the low ESR capacitors such as the low ESR solid polymer capacitors, tantalum capacitors and the multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC).
Capacitors are connected in parallel in places such as the power supply smoothing circuits. Small value capacitors are connected in parallel as opposed to connecting a single large capacitor. This reduces the effective ESR in addition to reducing the ripple volatge, and allows the circuit to handle higher currents with less losses.
What is the Start Capacitor for a Bore Pump Motor?
A capacitor is a an electronic device that stores energy. In a single phase bore pump a start capacitor increases the starting torque for a short while and then brings the motor rotation up to a rate approaching the speed at which it will run the pump constantly. The bore start capacitor then drops out and a run capacitor takes over for energy efficient running of the pump.
In most submersible pumps the capacitor is a dual start/run capacitor that does both. A capacitor used with a bore pump motor is normally perfectly cylindrical and about half the diameter of a soft drink can. It should not have black marks or be ruptured.
With a typical Perth submersible bore pump the capacitor, or condenser as it is sometimes referred to, is normally in a bore start box often mounted near the homes meter box. Remember bore start boxes are 240 volt and should only be accessed by a licensed electrician. We provide a fast mobile service all over Perth to replace burnt or blown bore pump capacitors.
The submersible pumps with start boxes are known as “3 wire” motors (the wiring to the surface is 3 core and earth). Some submersible motors known as “2 wire” have the electronics and capacitor in the actual pump motor below ground and have 2 wires and an earth running up to the surface. 2 wire pump motors therefore do not have start boxes or easily replaceable start capacitors “3 wire” submersible motors are more common in Perth bores.
Why Are Capacitor Discharge Resistors Now Mandated As Essential Safety Device
In Electronics, Capacitor discharge resistors or Bleeder resistors are resistors connected in parallel with the output of a high voltage power supply circuit with the express purpose of discharging the residual electric charge stored in the filter capacitors of the power supply.
As an example, a switch mode power supply uses a bridge rectifier to convert AC Mains Power into DC at 320V (where the mains voltage is 220/240V) or 160V (where the mains voltage is 110/120V), before the voltage is reduced by the chopper. One or more Filter capacitors are incorporated to smooth the pulsating output voltage from the rectifier. Now these capacitors must necessarily store enough energy at this high voltage to power the load during the Zero crossings of the AC input.
Further, the capacitors chosen in many power supplies are designed to be large enough to supply the load during Power breakdowns lasting for a second or so.
This stored charge is often enough to deliver a lethal shock in devices such as Lasers, X-Ray machines, Radio transmitters and also the old style CRT screens.
It is most important that it must be recognized that this stored charge can remain in the capacitors for a significant period of time even after the unit has been turned off, and therefore poses a life threatening hazard for the user or maintenance personnel who may believe that because the device is turned off it is safe.
To meet the challenge of this safety hazard, it is necessary to discharge the capacitors after the power has been turned off and typically a large or high resistance value resistor is connected across the terminals of the capacitor.
So after the device is switched off, the charge on the capacitor will drain off through this Capacitor Discharge or Bleeder Resistor, thus rendering the device safe for servicing etc.
It is pertinent to note that when the device is ‘ON’ a small current flows through Capacitor Discharge/Bleeder resistor which results in the wastage of a small amount of power.
In order to reduce this power wastage it is necessary for the designer to select, an optimum resistance value due to the fact that there is a trade off between the speed at which the capacitor can be drained off and the wastage of power during normal operation.
The lower the resistance value of the Capacitor Discharge /Bleeder Resistor, the faster the bleed down rate but wastage of more power during normal operations and vice verse for a higher resistance value.
To meet this need, HTR provides a Capacitor Discharge/Bleeder Resistor which is so designed that the resistor can be mounted directly to the capacitors terminals and not through any connectors, thus eliminating the risk of the Bleeder resistor being disconnected accidentally.
Reactive power of capacitors
The current flowing through capacitors is leading the voltage by 90°. The corresponding current vector is then in opposition to the current vector of inductive loads. This why capacitors are commonly used in the electrical systems, in order to compensate the reactive power absorbed by inductive loads such as motors.
Inductive-reactive power is conventionally positive (absorbed by an inductive load), while capacitive-reactive power is negative (supplied by a capacitive load).
As reactive-inductive loads and line reactance are responsible for voltage drops, reactive-capacitive currents have the reverse effect on voltage levels and produce voltage-rises in power systems.