What Does the Radiator Support Do?
The radiator plays a critical role in your engine's performance and overall function. The radiator is ultimately responsible for keeping your engine at the optimal running temperature. When the radiator becomes damaged, it can cause serious engine performance problems. The radiator support, naturally, is there to keep your radiator intact and performing well.
Just like the engine has its own mounts and supports, the radiator also needs a mechanism to keep it supported and protected. Without the front radiator support, the radiator can be in significant danger of becoming damaged. Not only does this mechanism keep the radiator held securely under the hood, but it also adheres the radiator to the engine. When this support becomes damaged, it compromises the integrity of the engine-radiator assembly line where the cooling system is able to efficiently maintain the engine temperature.
How to Fix the Issue
Repairing the issue of a bent or damaged front radiator support is complex, and greatly depends on the nature and severity of the issue. Sometimes the support can be repaired and restored, but those cases typically require a considerable amount of effort in labor and time, which usually means more money for the job. When the front radiator support is damaged or bent significantly, the part needs to be replaced, which can be pretty expensive—it is an intensive project that takes a long time. Furthermore, it requires special tools and equipment, access to the right OEM parts, and specialized knowledge in MINI frame repair.
How Much Will it Cost?
As we’ve previously mentioned, the cost of fixing the front radiator support is completely subjective to the nature and severity of the problem; however, the cost will also depend on the automotive shop you bring your MINI to. Since the problem is likely due to an accident, other damages must be fixed alongside repairing the radiator support, driving up the cost further. Often insurance companies total out cars that encounter this type of frame damage, but the issue can certainly be fixed.
How To Replace A Radiator
SAFETY FIRST
Your radiator has electrical connections. Disconnect the battery before proceeding. You'll need to raise the vehicle so you can access your radiator. You can use a car jack and stands to keep the vehicle up, but remember to put a chock behind the wheels and engage the parking brake. Wait until the engine is cold before proceeding.
This job can be dangerous, so be extra careful. You will encounter sharp edges and other circumstances that could cause injury. Protect yourself by wearing quality safety gloves and goggles. Be watchful of any moving items while working.
And, to repeat, make sure the car, engine, and coolant are NOT hot!
INSPECT OR REPLACE
Before jumping in and replacing a whole radiator, take a minute to inspect your entire coolant system. Examine the radiator (or overflow) cap. Check the belts and hoses for damaged, cracked rubber or any leaks. Find the fan clutch between the radiator and the water pump motor (on some vehicles) and make sure there is no play in the bearings.
Don't forget about your engine thermostat. If your cooling problem has caused the engine to overheat, your thermostat may have been damaged. You may want to replace this small part when replacing the radiator.
DRAIN THE RADIATOR
There are two ways to drain radiators. Remove the radiator cap for either way. Once the cap is removed, you can either open the petcock valve or remove the bottom radiator hose to drain the coolant. Drain the coolant into a plastic reservoir.
DISCONNECT THE RADIATOR
With the coolant drained, you can start removing hoses, clamps and the radiator bolts keeping the radiator in place. You'll have to disconnect the following parts on most vehicles:
• Radiator reservoir hose
• Upper radiator hose
• Lower radiator hose
• Cooling fan connector
• Cooling fan mounting bolts
• Cooling fan
• Cooling fan shroud
• Transmission cooler lines (many vehicles require special tools to disconnect)
• Engine oil cooler lines (these appear in many high-heat vehicles like 4x4 and Deisel trucks)
• A/C Condenser mounting bolts
• Radiator mounting bolts
Remember to keep all the hoses, connectors, bolts, and components organized. You'll have to reinstall the parts in reverse order.
REMOVE THE OLD RADIATOR
With all the hoses, bolts, and lines removed, you should be able to remove the radiator from the vehicle. Many radiators can be removed by lifting up and out of the vehicle, but some need to be removed from underneath the vehicle.
Signs of a Bad Radiator
Bad Radiator Symptoms: Common Signs that Your Radiator is Failing
When the radiator isn't working properly, you might notice several symptoms. While this isn't an exhaustive list, here are the most common complaints.
Overheating engine
A common sign that something is wrong with the radiator is when your engine starts to overheat. This can be caused by a faulty thermostat. When a defective thermostat no longer opens, the engine will overheat and cause a breakdown.
Leaks
You might notice coolant leaking under the vehicle. It can be a red, yellow, or green fluid. When the radiator is leaking, coolant levels become too low, and when there isn't enough coolant to reduce the heat, the engine might become too hot.
Radiators are made of metal and plastic. And because plastic isn't as durable as metal, it's typical for these components to become brittle and start cracking—hence the leaks.
Shifting issues
If you have an integrated transmission cooler, you might notice trouble with shifting as the fluid becomes contaminated with coolant. This problem stems from cracks and faults in the system.
Fluid discoloration
Vehicle coolant is commonly bright yellow or green. Sometimes it can be pink or red. It flows freely between the radiator and the coolant passages located in your car's engine.
If you have a bad radiator, deposits and sludge can contaminate the coolant and turn it into a rusty color—it may even look like oil.
Look in your coolant overflow tank and inspect the color. If it's contaminated, it may also appear thicker. This causes trouble with the flow and leads to a clogged radiator.
A radiator flush might be a solution in this case.
Your Guide to Yellow Fog Lights
What Are Yellow Fog Lights?
Yellow fog lights are specially made to help drivers navigate the road carefully in foggy conditions. Yellow lights are the best among fog light colors because they hit your retina in a way that enables you to focus on the road. Staring constantly at white light can frustrate the eye, and darker colors like blue and green have limited wavelength.
In addition, yellow fog lights penetrate foggy weather better than other light colors. Fog tends to reflect the color of the driver's lights directly in front of their eyes. Staring at white light is already a difficult task, and having the white color reflected close to your retina when you are driving might destabilize your focus. In the same way, looking closely at blue lights can make your sight fuzzy. Yellow lights are the only light color most drivers can withstand in the fog.
LED Fog Lights
LED fog lights are one of the most durable light types. Although these fog lights can be quite expensive, they compensate for their price with their energy-efficient capabilities. Also, the light-emitting diodes in LED fog lights provide higher visibility for drivers on foggy roads.
Should I Get a Car with Fog Lights?
When we start writing about Thanksgiving around these parts, you know that winter isn't far behind. With winter's inevitable onslaught of snow, freezing rain and fog, we are going to use our blog to discuss things drivers should know before heading out on roads with less-than-stellar traction.
The first thing we're going to take a look at is fog lights. Available on many different types of vehicles, fog lights are a recognizable part of a vehicle's front bumper and fascia. Usually, fog lights are mounted low on a vehicle, often directly in front of the wheel well.
They look like small headlights, and can be stylishly incorporated into the exterior front-end design of a vehicle. While the design may differ, their purpose is the same – to help you, a driver, gain visibility in poor weather.
What do Fog Lights Do?
All exterior lights are usually beneficial in poor weather. We say “usually” because there are times when standard headlights, and even high beams, can be a detriment to safe driving and visibility. What's even worse about this, is it that the better the headlights are (HIID or LED for example), often the worse they become under certain circumstances.
Those circumstances involve heavy fog or snow. In these situations, headlights – both standard and high beam – can limit visibility. What happens when fog accumulates, or when snow is falling densely, is that the light put out by your headlights reflects off of the fog or snow. This creates less visibility, and makes it harder to see oncoming traffic, or even the road in front of you.
It can be especially bad at night when you are counting on the reflection of your lights to provide a path forward. Fog lights allow you to see in these circumstances, illuminating the road in front of you but not the fog or snow.

MEK Inhibitor Mechanism of Action, Side Effects, and Uses
Metastatic melanoma is a deadly cancer for which conventional chemotherapy provides little benefit. However, newer therapies involving a pathway called the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway have demonstrated success in inducing remission.
The MAPK pathway is more accurately termed the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, and involves the regulation of cell proliferation and survival. It is constitutionally overactive in 30% of cancers. Two enzymes in this pathway, namely, BRAF and MEK, are target kinases which play crucial roles in the cell cycle.
The first therapies to target this pathway were BRAF inhibitors, but intrinsic and acquired tumor resistance quickly led to treatment failure by reactivation of the MAPK pathway. MEK inhibitors have emerged to partially overcome these resistance mechanisms and are now used in combination with BRAF inhibitors to extend the time to resistance.
MEK is a dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase, so called from the term MAPK/ERK kinase. It is a key effector of the three-layered RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, expressed by seven genes from MAPK1 to MAPK7.
MEK inhibitors bind to and inhibit MEK, inhibiting MEK-dependent cell signaling. This inhibition leads to cell death and the inhibition of tumor growth. These are allosteric binding inhibitors of MEK which inhibit either MEK1 alone, or both MEK1 and MEK2.
What is the mechanism of action of MEK inhibitors?
The MAPK pathway is an intracellular signaling cascade that is involved in the proliferation and survival of tumor cells. Many mutations cause cancer development by activating this pathway, including BRAF and NRAS mutations. MEK is a downstream protein kinase which can be targeted to prevent reactivation of the MAPK pathway in the presence of BRAF or RAS mutations.
Normally, ERK1/2 activation initiates a variety of cellular and nuclear pathways, while also inhibiting Raf activity by a feedback loop to modulate the activity of the MAPK pathway. MEK1/2 inhibition inactivates ERK1/2 and also removes the feedback inhibition on Raf.
Drugs which selectively inhibit the MEK enzymes are able to inhibit growth and to induce the death of cells in the presence of these mutations.
Thus, MEK1/2 is highly selective in inactivating ERK1/2 but leaves other signaling pathways intact. In addition, the non-ATP binding site means they do not typically need to compete with ATP, which is present in very large amounts inside cells. A new ATP-competitive inhibitor has also been designed which is effective in mutants that display drug resistance to the ATP-noncompetitive inhibitors.
The advantages of using combination MEK inhibitor therapy with a BRAF inhibitor is the increased progression-free survival and lower toxicity, when compared with the latter alone.
What are the side effects of MEK inhibitors?
Adverse reactions with MEK inhibitors occur in two stages: immediate (within days of initiation of therapy) and chronic (following several months of exposure). Mild toxicities need not interrupt the treatment, but moderate to severe adverse effects may require temporary withdrawal of the drugs and re-initiation following resolution of the reaction. Such cessation of treatment for short periods does not seem to affect outcomes. In some studies on mice, intermittent dosing was associated with improved survival, and perhaps less toxicity.
MEK1/MEK2 inhibitors have a tendency to cause a papulopustular rash, seen in 57% of patients. Other side effects include diarrhea in 43%, whereas peripheral edema is observed in 26%. More serious adverse effects include hypertension in 12%, rash in 8%, and fatigue in 4%.
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels are high in some patients, though without any evidence of underlying disease processes such as rhabdomyolysis.
Abnormal liver function tests and pneumonitis are also observed, similar to immune checkpoint inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors. The appearance of cough, difficulty in breathing or abnormal chest signs must be followed up with chest radiography or a CT scan of the chest, and if pneumonitis is present, treatment must be stopped for a time at least.
Ocular toxicity, comprising blurring of vision and reversible chorioretinopathy (especially central serous retinopathy, CSR) is another feature of MEK inhibitor toxicity. Among these, retinal vein occlusion is irreversible. For this reason, a baseline ophthalmologic examination should be recorded. If any visual disturbance occurs, examination should be repeated and compared with baseline findings. If retinopathy is diagnosed, the drug should be withdrawn temporarily. If the retinal appearance and function normalizes within three weeks, and RVO is absent, the drug may be resumed at a lower dosage.
Other adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, alopecia, and lowered left ventricular ejection fraction. An uncommon adverse effect is the dropped-head syndrome, where the neck extensors become progressively weak because of focal non-inflammatory myopathy. CPK levels are high, and the condition fails to respond to steroids but resolves when the MEK inhibitor is discontinued.
Hallucinations and confusion are rare reactions, presumably due to the penetration of some of these drugs into the central nervous system.
Patients at increased risk of adverse events include those with pre-existing liver derangements.
How Do Antineoplastic Egfr Inhibitors Work?
Antineoplastic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (breast cancer that depends on hormones such as estrogen to grow), medullary thyroid cancer, advanced head and neck cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
EGFR inhibitors are anti-cancer medications that block the activity of a protein called EGFR. EGFR is found on the surface of some normal cells and is involved in cell growth, also found at high levels on some types of cancer cells, which causes these cells to grow and divide. Blocking EGFR helps in preventing unregulated cell division, thus preventing the growth, and spread of cancer cells.
EGFR inhibitors can be classified into the following:
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: targets the intracellular domain in EGFR and stops the activity of the EGFR.
Monoclonal antibodies: targets the extracellular ligand-binding domain of EGFR and prevents cell division.
EGFR inhibitors are administered via intravenous (into a vein) and oral routes.
EGFR inhibitors work in the following ways:
They belong to a class of medications called “tyrosine kinase inhibitors” that work by slowing down or stopping the growth of cancer cells.
They work by blocking the action of an abnormal protein that signals cancer cells to multiply. This helps slow or stop the spread of cancer cells.
They block the activity of a protein called "EGFR" and thus prevent unregulated cell division.
HOW ARE ANTINEOPLASTIC EGFR INHIBITORS USED?
Antineoplastic EGFR inhibitors are used to treat conditions such as:
Breast cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer
Metastatic colorectal cancer
Advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck
Pancreatic cancer
Malignant gliomas
What Are Cyclin-Dependent Kinases?
Of the many proteins involved in cell cycle control, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are among the most important. CDKs are a family of multifunctional enzymes that can modify various protein substrates involved in cell cycle progression. Specifically, CDKs phosphorylate their substrates by transferring phosphate groups from ATP to specific stretches of amino acids in the substrates. Different types of eukaryotic cells contain different types and numbers of CDKs. For example, yeast have only a single CDK, whereas vertebrates have four different ones.
As their name suggests, CDKs require the presence of cyclins to become active. Cyclins are a family of proteins that have no enzymatic activity of their own but activate CDKs by binding to them. CDKs must also be in a particular phosphorylation state — with some sites phosphorylated and others dephosphorylated — in order for activation to occur. Correct phosphorylation depends on the action of other kinases and a second class of enzymes called phosphatases that are responsible for removing phosphate groups from proteins.
How Do CDKs Control the Cell Cycle?
All eukaryotes have multiple cyclins, each of which acts during a specific stage of the cell cycle. (In organisms with multiple CDKs, each CDK is paired with a specific cyclin.) All cyclins are named according to the stage at which they assemble with CDKs. Common classes of cyclins include G1-phase cyclins, G1/S-phase cyclins, S-phase cyclins, and M-phase cyclins. M-phase cyclins form M-CDK complexes and drive the cell's entry into mitosis; G1 cyclins form G1-CDK complexes and guide the cell's progress through the G1 phase; and so on.
All CDKs exist in similar amounts throughout the entire cell cycle. In contrast, cyclin manufacture and breakdown varies by stage — with cell cycle progression dependent on the synthesis of new cyclin molecules. Accordingly, cells synthesize G1- and G1/S-cyclins at different times during the G1 phase, and they produce M-cyclin molecules during the G2 phase (Figure 2). Cyclin degradation is equally important for progression through the cell cycle. Specific enzymes break down cyclins at defined times in the cell cycle. When cyclin levels decrease, the corresponding CDKs become inactive. Cell cycle arrest can occur if cyclins fail to degrade.

The Science of Heat Transfer: What Is Conduction?
Heat is an interesting form of energy. Not only does it sustain life, make us comfortable and help us prepare our food, but understanding its properties is key to many fields of scientific research. For example, knowing how heat is transferred and the degree to which different materials can exchange thermal energy governs everything from building heaters and understanding seasonal change to sending ships into space.
Heat can only be transferred through three means: conduction, convection and radiation. Of these, conduction is perhaps the most common, and occurs regularly in nature. In short, it is the transfer of heat through physical contact. It occurs when you press your hand onto a window pane, when you place a pot of water on an active element, and when you place an iron in the fire.
This transfer occurs at the molecular level — from one body to another — when heat energy is absorbed by a surface and causes the molecules of that surface to move more quickly. In the process, they bump into their neighbors and transfer the energy to them, a process which continues as long as heat is still being added.
The process of heat conduction depends on four basic factors: the temperature gradient, the cross section of the materials involved, their path length, and the properties of those materials.
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes in a specific location. Temperature always flows from the hottest to coldest source, due to the fact that cold is nothing but the absence of heat energy. This transfer between bodies continues until the temperature difference decays, and a state known as thermal equilibrium occurs.
Cross-section and path length are also important factors. The greater the size of the material involved in the transfer, the more heat is needed to warm it. Also, the more surface area that is exposed to open air, the greater likelihood for heat loss. So shorter objects with a smaller cross-section are the best means of minimizing the loss of heat energy.
Last, but certainly not least, is the physical properties of the materials involved. Basically, when it comes to conducting heat, not all substances are created equal. Metals and stone are considered good conductors since they can speedily transfer heat, whereas materials like wood, paper, air, and cloth are poor conductors of heat.
These conductive properties are rated based on a “coefficient” which is measured relative to silver. In this respect, silver has a coefficient of heat conduction of 100, whereas other materials are ranked lower. These include copper (92), iron (11), water (0.12), and wood (0.03). At the opposite end of the spectrum is a perfect vacuum, which is incapable of conducting heat, and is therefore ranked at zero.
Materials that are poor conductors of heat are called insulators. Air, which has a conduction coefficient of .006, is an exceptional insulator because it is capable of being contained within an enclosed space. This is why artificial insulators make use of air compartments, such as double-pane glass windows which are used for cutting heating bills. Basically, they act as buffers against heat loss.
Feather, fur, and natural fibers are all examples of natural insulators. These are materials that allows birds, mammals and human beings to stay warm. Sea otters, for example, live in ocean waters that are often very cold and their luxuriously thick fur keeps them warm. Other sea mammals like sea lions, whales and penguins rely on thick layers of fat (aka. blubber) – a very poor conductor – to prevent heat loss through their skin.
LV & MV Aerial Bundle Cable (ABC)
Aerial Bundle Cables, often referred to as Aerial Bundled Conductors or simply ABC, are cables for overhead line power, so called for combining multiple single core cables together. With applications including temporary power distribution to street lighting and secondary pole-to-pole service cables, they are lightweight stranded aluminium conductors, both single core and multi-cores. Whilst Aerial Bundle Cables are used in rural power distribution in some countries, they are more commonly used in temporary power installations such as on construction sites. As insulated cables they are often preferred to bare conductors which are installed and separated by air gaps but where sparks and shorts in the event of high winds may cause resulting bushfires in dry climates or risk nearby property. The XLPE insulation material, and where relevant the sheathing material, allows the ABC to be tightly bundled together – additional steel wire supports similar to those in ACSR can also be incorporated as catenary wires .
LOW VOLTAGE ABC
Our Low Voltage ABC are manufactured in accordance with a range of national standards - British standard BS7870, French standard NF C33 209, Australasian standard AS/NZS 3560 Part 1, and IEC standards IEC 60502-1, TNB Specification, and HD 626 S1. They have a voltage rating of 0.6/1kV. With the insulation it also meets Class II according to IEC 61140 in protecting against electric shock. Aerial Bundle Cables have an operating temperature range of -40oC to +80oC and can be installed in temperatures as low as -20oC. These ABC are unscreened and without an additional outer sheath.
The LV ABC have both phase conductors and a neutral conductor - both Class 2 stranded Aluminium - with core identification being provided by ribs on the insulation: Phases by longitudinal ribs (I, II, III), Neutral core by longitudinal ribs (≤ 50 mm2 min.12 ribs; ≥ 50 mm2 min.16 ribs).
MEDIUM VOLTAGE ABC
We also supply Medium Voltage Aerial Bundle Cables, in voltages of 6.35/11kV, 12.7/22kV and 19/33kV. Manufactured in accordance with IEC 60502-2, we also have variants made specifically to Australian and New Zealand standards AS/NZS 3599 Part 1. In addition to the XLPE insulation, these higher voltage cables are sheathed with High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). They are available with and without additional screening, in light and heavy duty copper wire or tape, depending on the installation parameters and requirements.
What Types of Wire Are Used on Solar Farms?
Solar power installations in the US have grown 35 fold since 2008, while the average cost of photovoltaic panels has dropped 50% since 2014. Over 242,000 people work in the solar power industry in the US, which is more than double the number in 2012.
With this undeniable level of growth there's a lot of interest in solar panel wire, or photovoltaic (PV) wire (UL 4703). What makes solar farm wire unique comes down to its material, form, and insulation.
Wire Materials used in Solar Farms
The two main materials used to make solar farm wiring are copper and aluminum. Copper is more conductive than aluminum, which means a copper wire carries more current than an aluminum wire of the same size. Aluminum wiring is also more vulnerable to bending and flexing during installation, which can weaken it faster than copper wire. Another challenge with aluminum wire is the higher maintenance costs. Aluminum is more susceptible to temperature extremes. The expansion and contraction of the metal will require a technician to periodically tighten the terminals where aluminum is used. The main benefit to using aluminum is that the up-front cost is cheaper than copper.
Solid and Stranded Forms of Wire
Solar farm wire mainly comes in two forms, solid or stranded. Solid wire is one single conductor, which makes it more compact while still providing the same current as stranded wire. It also makes it less flexible, so it is best used in static applications. This can be a particular concern when building solar farms where wire can be exposed to wind and other vibration interference.
Stranded wire is made of multiple conductors put together. This configuration makes stranded wire more flexible than solid wire, and more resistant to vibrations.
Solar Farm Wire Insulation and Durability
Photovoltaic wire insulation has to be tough. It needs to resist UV radiation, weather, and abrasion caused by chemicals and salt water. Most electrical contractors use cross-linked polyethylene insulation, also known as PEX, XPE, or XLPE. This insulation is resistant to moisture, oil, and gasoline, can withstand temperatures up to 90 °C, and uses a black coating to resist UV radiation.
USE-2 Wire vs. PV Wire
Most solar installations are outdoors in harsher environments. Therefore the wiring has to meet standards for heat, moisture, and UV resistance.
There are two types of wire commonly used in solar farms: PV wire and USE-2 wire. They can both be used in grounded arrays, but only PV wire can be used in ungrounded ones.
PV wire is used for interconnecting PV modules, and was developed to be able to handle 90°C in wet conditions and 105°C in dry conditions. Characteristics of PV wire are thicker insulation and stranded wire construction for resilience and flexibility. It also requires a more stringent vertical flame test.
USE-2 wire is used for connecting terminals of service equipment. It is mostly found underground and for 90°C in wet conditions and 105°C in dry conditions. Like PV wire, USE-2 wire must pass a flame test, but it requires a less stringent horizontal flame test. Additionally, it needs to pass physical testing outlined in the UL standard.
Three Major Types Of Network Cables Used In Communication Systems
Fiber optic cable, twisted pair cable, and coaxial cable are the three main types of network cables used in communication systems. Each of them is different and suitable for various applications.
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.
Fiber Optic cable has a complicated design and structure. This type of cable has an outer optical casing that surrounds the light and traps it within a central core. The inside of the cable (the core) must configured in two different ways – Single-mode and multi-mode; although the difference may seem small, it makes a tremendous difference to the performance and the usage of fiber optic cables.
Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted pair cable is a type of ordinary wiring which connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. It is made by putting two separate insulated wires together in a twisted pattern and running them parallel to each other, which helps to reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires. Twisted pair cable is suitable for transferring balanced differential signals. The method of transmitting signals dates back to the early days of the telegraph and radio. The advantages of improved signal-to-noise ratio, crosstalk, and ground bounce that balanced signal transmission brings are particularly valuable in wide bandwidth and high fidelity systems.
According to whether the cable has a shielding layer, there are two common types of twisted pair cables—shielded twisted pair (STP) cable and unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable. STP cable is available for Token Ring networks, while the UTP cable is more suitable for Ethernet networks. The most common UTP cable types applied in Ethernet network are cat5e, cat6a, and cat7 cables, etc. The following image shows the different structures of UTP and STP cables.
Aluminum processing
aluminum processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products.
Aluminum, or aluminium (Al), is a silvery white metal with a melting point of 660 °C (1,220 °F) and a density of 2.7 grams per cubic cm. The most abundant metallic element, it constitutes 8.1 percent of Earth’s crust. In nature it occurs chemically combined with oxygen and other elements. In the pure state it is soft and ductile, but it can be alloyed with many other elements to increase strength and provide a number of useful properties. Alloys of aluminum are light, strong, and formable by almost all known metalworking processes. They can be cast, joined by many techniques, and machined easily, and they accept a wide variety of finishes.
In addition to its low density, many of the applications of aluminum and its alloys are based on its high electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to corrosion. It owes its corrosion resistance to a continuous film of aluminum oxide that grows rapidly on a nascent aluminum surface exposed to air.

What's the difference between disc replication vs. duplication?
Depending on the size of your CD or DVD order there are two different ways your discs get made.
1) Replicated Discs
The most common way to manufacture CDs is to replicate them. This involves a process where we mold each disc from melted polycarbonate (plastic) pellets. Before we replicate your disc we create a metal stamper that contains all the data (music or video) that goes on your disc. This stamper gets mounted in the disc molding machine, and when we inject the liquid polycarbonate into the mold, the disc that is replicated already includes your music (or video) content! Disc replication is a highly efficient process, with a disc with your content on it molded every 3 to 4 seconds. However, there is a significant amount of setup work required to make the stamper, and for that reason there is usually a minimum order required of 500 to 1,000 discs. Because Disc Makers specializes in small orders for independent artists, filmmakers, and business, we are (to our knowledge) the only US factory that will replicate discs. Replicated discs are preferred for larger quantities (quantities of 500 units and up).
After your discs are replicated we will print on the disc surface using either silkscreen or offset printing technology, depending on the type of artwork you have.
2) Duplicated Discs
If you need less than 300 discs, we will duplicate them. Instead of molding a disc from polycarbonate pellets we start with a blank CD-R or DVD-R, and burn your content on it. We use automated duplicators that can burn multiple discs at once for a very fast and efficient process when you only need a few discs. We will also print on your discs using either an industrial inkjet printer, or using silkscreen printing.
Is there a quality difference between replication and duplication?
Your order size determines whether Disc Makers replicates or duplicates your discs. In terms of the audio or video quality a consumer experiences, replicated discs are identical to duplicated discs. However, there is a very small possibility that if your discs are duplicated there might be some older generation disc players (including in cars) that experience errors when playing the duplicated disc. That is because disc duplication is a more recently developed process than disc replication, and some older CD and DVD players that pre-date the duplication specification may not be able to read all the content.
It is very infrequent that this happens. And to make sure your Disc Makers discs perform better than anyone else’s discs we use only the highest grade blank discs for all our disc duplication needs.
There is a clear difference between replicated and duplicated discs, but they each serve useful functions in bridging the gap between your content and fans.
Why are vinyl records black?
Think back to the first vinyl record you ever owned. Reverently sliding it out of its sleeve for the first time, taking care to only hold it by the edges so as not to damage it, admiring the ambient lighting dancing off of the delicately crafted grooves. Your first record is uniquely personal, varying in artist, genre, album artwork, title, theme, and countless other things that make it special to you. Chances are, one thing remains near-universal: that record is black.
Why is it that vinyl records are generally black? PVC (polyvinyl chloride), the material that vinyl records are made of, is clear in its natural form, allowing records to be manufactured in just about any color imaginable. Despite this endless array of choices, black is still overwhelmingly the most common option, leaving the burning question: why?
The Theories
A number of theories have been suggested, but each falls short of a satisfying explanation. One theory is that the carbon black material that provides a record’s pigmentation also increases its structural integrity. In the late 19th and early 20th century, manufacturers used shellac, a brittle resin-like substance produced by insects, to press their records. In order to ensure that the shellac held up, manufacturers would add ground up stone and carbon black powder to the mix in order to strengthen the otherwise brittle material. Of course, this is unnecessary in modern record pressing. Vinyl is tough enough on its own. And even if such supplements were necessary, there simply isn’t enough carbon black added to today’s records to make a difference on its own.
Another school of thought, also perhaps inspired by the origins of record pressing, is that the deep black color hides flaws in the vinyl. While this may have been necessary in the days of shellac records , modern technology allows for perfectly clear, defect-free records. Unlike when manufacturers pressed records with a mixture of shellac and ground-up stone, modern vinyl makers don’t need to worry about bits of bugs and dirt making it into the final product.
Still others think carbon black could reduce friction inside the groove and improve audio quality. Carbon is used as a dry lubricant in a variety of fields, but there is simply no documentation of such usage in records. This theory may have come from the fact that shellac records contained a small amount of other lubricants to ensure they released from the mold easily. One of the reasons that PVC is a perfect material for pressing records is its smoothness, which minimizes friction between the record grooves and the needle and eliminates the need for additional lubrication (although groove lubricant does exist).
The Electric Truth
While none of these popular theories hold up to scrutiny, Furnace Record Pressing Staff Engineer, Willem Ytsma, dug a little deeper to provide an explanation. Researching the pigmentation of records, Willem stumbled upon a patent for a conductive phonograph record, and in that patent lies the answer.
PVC is a natural insulator, meaning that it will build up a static charge over time as it’s handled and interacts with other objects. Due to the fact that static electricity attracts dust, that insulative property could be potentially disastrous for records. Any dust that accumulates in a record’s grooves will grind in between the needle and the groove wall when played, wearing down both the groove and the needle, and potentially even becoming permanently lodged in the wall.
Carbon has conductive properties, so adding it to the PVC increases the overall conductivity of the material, lessening the accumulation of static, and therefore, dust, on a record. By coloring records black with carbon-based pigment, manufacturers ensure their records last longer and sound better.
So if you ever pull out a record and someone asks about its color, you can tell them that is why records are black.
How does the pricing work?
Pricing is based on the artwork and packaging of your project.
A popular example is a full-color CD, 4-page insert (think of it as a booklet — a piece of paper folded in half, the cover and back are pages one and two, and the inside are pages three and four), a tray card (the very back of the CD — under the tray holding the CD) assembled in a standard jewel case and shrink wrapped.
Another popular package is a 5×5 CD full color sleeve and disc, assembled and shrink wrapped. Many bands choose this option when their main goal is using the CD as a demo to submit to potential venues.
The possibilities and packaging options go on from there. If you have a specific idea in mind just let us know and we'll be happy to put a quote together for you.
What do you need to provide in order to place a CD order?
We need your CD master or DDP file and the electronic art files in our templates. Accepted formats are Photoshop, Illustrator, or InDesign files. You can also provide hi-res pdfs.
If your project doesn't consist of all original music, then you do need to have mechanical licenses for any cover songs. Make sure you give credit on any song to the writer.
Need help with the graphics or layout?
We can help there too! We offer both graphic design and layout services, and the pricing is based on your needs and specifications.
What information do you need to include on your graphics?
Short answer — anything you want. It's your project. Things that are commonly included are artist, album title, photos, bios or special thanks, credits for everyone that participated on the project, and copyright information. Booking or contact information should be included if you are using the CD as a demo for potential venues.
How Do Vinyl Records Work?
Vinyl record players are electromagnetic devices that change sound vibrations into electrical signals. When a record spins, it creates sound vibrations that get converted into electrical signals. These signals are fed into electronic amplifiers. Electric amps vibrate and feed the resulting sound into speakers, which amplify it and make it louder. Record players still use the whole needle and groove methodology that a phonograph used, although record players today are much more high tech.
So how do they work exactly? The needle, or stylus of a record player is one of several parts that make up a transducer. A transducer is what changes mechanical energy into electrical energy and changes electrical energy into mechanical energy. The whole system contains a stylus, magnets, coils, cantilever, and a body within a cartridge. The mechanical energy from the sound waves is converted into electrical energy, which is then sent into the amplifier and out to the speakers.
When a vinyl record is made, a needle is used to create grooves in the vinyl that is basically recorded information of the desired sound or music. A needle (or stylus) is also used to read the information contained in the grooves, playing it back so that we can hear the recorded information. On the left side of the groove and on the right side are channels of audio information that makeup stereo sound.
Fun factoid; once upon a time, records were made of rubber. Now, they are vinyl. Another fun factoid; the little grooves in a record would be roughly 500 meters long if you were to unwind it into a straight line.
A master copy of a record is made using a stylus to cut grooves into a round disk. It's sent off to be formed into a master copy of the record. The master copy is ridged instead of grooved. It's basically the “negative” imprint of the record which is formed into a stamp of sorts. The stamp is pressed into steam-softened vinyl, using a hydraulic press. The vinyl disc is cooled with water and viola… a finished vinyl record is born.
Once a vinyl record is made, it is played on a record player. A record player is sometimes called a turntable. Turntables spin wheels using an electric motor. Some are called direct-drive turntables, which use gears to turn the table, and some are called belt-drive turntables, which use a rubber belt and central axle to turn the table. It's important that the turntable spins at just the right speed, because a turntable that spins too fast makes a sound resembling The Chipmunks, and a turntable that spins too slowly makes a sound resembling Eyore.
The cartridge and stylus of a record player trace the groove in the record to reproduce the sound information contained there. The tip of a stylus (also called the needle) is made of industrial diamond, a hard, impure substance that's molded into a point that's shaped like a cone and attached to a little strip of flexible metal.
Mechanical Recording
Long before the digital age came along, devices like Thomas Edison's phonograph were born. The phonograph is considered the granddaddy of modern record players today. The word phonograph actually means sound-writer. Essentially, the phonograph recorded and stored sound mechanically by etching sound waves (or more accurately, the electrical signal of the sound waves) with a needle, onto tinfoil cylinder.
The cylinder was rotated by a hand crank and the needle moved to cut a groove into the tinfoil, recording the sound wave signal. A needle and amplifier were used to reverse the process (in the case of the phonograph, the amplifier was a horn) and the recorded sound was then played back. Of course, the phonograph had many limitations, but it was the early vision of what would later become known as the record player.
Originally, Thomas Edison created the phonograph as a way to record dictation, with intentions for using it in office work and as a way for teachers to record lessons. His very first recording was said to be a recording of the nursery rhyme “Mary had a Little Lamb.” Unfortunately, phonograph recordings weren't very practical as the tinfoil didn't last very long and the phonograph device itself was too complicated for most people to use.
Not long after Thomas Edison set aside his vision to work on other projects, Emile Berliner came along and developed similar technology, except instead of etching grooves to record sound waves into a tinfoil coil, the grooves were cut into a flat disk using a needle. Another needle was used to read the grooves and it was called the gramophone. It has a much closer resemblance to record players today.
Unlike the phonograph, which could record and play sound from one machine, the gramophone could only playback sound. Disks (or records) to play on the gramophone were made separately, which opened the door to recordings being produced in mass to be shared with listeners over and over, using the gramophone to play them. Sometimes the terms gramophone and phonograph are used interchangeably, but both are considered early precursors to modern-day record players and used the needle and groove design that has lasted through the ages.
The main difference between the phonograph created by Thomas Edison, the gramophone, and the record players that are still around and used today, is that the phonograph and gramophone were both completely mechanical technology. Record players, however, especially modern-day record players, use a combination of mechanical and electromagnetic technology to record and reproduce sound waves.
The needle is attached to the tone arm of the record player and is the part that rests in the grooves that have been cut into the vinyl and traces them, following line as the record spins on turntables. The vibrations that result run through the cartridge and converts the vibrations into an electromagnetic signal that is amplified and ultimately produces the noise that we call music.
Vinyl records and record players became more popular over time, but originally, they were only designed to produce monophonic sound. With the advent of stereophonic sound technology, it made it so that two sound waves could be recorded to play tracks at the same time. This dual playback of sound waves created a richer, more robust sound that could be pumped through two speakers instead of just one.
The history of vinyl record players and how vinyl records work is long and colorful. Ultimately, vinyl records and record players sparked revolutions that allowed listeners to experience greater diversity in the music they listened to, giving people wider access to different styles and varieties of sound. Plus, records gave musicians the ability to share their art with more than just the locals, which helped to grow the music industry into the behemoth it is today.

10 Types of Laser Levels: Getting the Leveling Job Done Right
Picture this: you're trying to hang a curtain rod above the window. You have the curtain rod in one hand and a hammer and a nail in the other. Of course, you'd probably want that curtain rod hung in a straight line.
So you then decide to take out your spirit level and realize that you can't. Your hands are already full—literally.
Maybe you resort to the traditional method of using a pencil, ruler, and spirit level to mark a straight line on the wall. And once you’ve mounted your curtain rod, you can then erase the marking on the wall.
Laser Levels
While that makes sense, there's a tool that can make the leveling job a lot easier: a laser level. It's a tool that projects a level beam toward the wall, floor, or other surfaces. Simply put, a laser level allows you to level or plumb hands-free.
Whether you're a construction professional, framer, or DIY home renovation enthusiast, a laser level is definitely a godsend for tasks that involve leveling. It's a must-have in your tool chest. But if you've ever gone online and searched for the “best laser level,” you may have faced tons of results and various types of laser levels on the market, making choosing one extremely overwhelming.
So we've made it easy for you.
Before you go ahead and buy a laser level online, read on and find out the different types of laser levels, this is a breif introduction about one type:
1. Manual Laser Level
A manual laser level is exactly what it sounds like. You have to manually level this construction laser and line up the bubble inside its built-in vial. To do this, you need to turn its knob or reposition the laser level itself.
Because of their relatively simple construction, manual laser levels offer a cheaper alternative to self-leveling laser levels, making the former a perfect choice for DIY projects. They also require less battery power than a self-leveling unit. And if you know how to set them up properly, they can help you create perfectly straight reference lines.
The problem with this construction laser is that once it gets disturbed or moved, its accuracy and performance may be instantly affected.
Uses of a Manual Laser Level
Economical yet functional enough, manual laser levels are great for DIY framing, cabinetry, and other simple building projects.
Pros of a Manual Laser Level
Less expensive than an auto laser level or a self-leveling laser level
More energy-saving than a self-leveling laser level
Comes with a straightforward technology
Cons of a Manual Laser Level
Less accurate than a self-leveling laser level
Requires a proper setup to yield accurate results
Requires a greater amount of time to set up and level
Once it gets accidentally moved, you need to level it again
What Is The Advantage Of Laser Leveling?
You might be trying to hang a set of pictures along a single wall, but you don't want them to look lopsided. With a standard leveling system, you could have a problem. It's impossible to hold your level against the wall while you're hammering a set of nails. You would need an extra arm, and you don't have one. So, you would need to have a second person to help you with the job. Laser levels make it easier to do these tasks. And in many cases, they don't require a second person.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a self-leveling laser level?
Blog what is the advantage of laser leveling
A laser leveling device will emit a beam that will give you a straight-line reference along any surface (such as a wall or floor). And because most laser levels can be mounted to a tripod or wall, your hands will be free to hammer nails or line up whatever needs to be straight. These tools will make DIY projects a lot simpler, but they can also be beneficial for the construction professional.
How do I use a 5-point laser level?
Laser levels send out a beam of light that can create a virtual chalk line whenever you need a straight and level reference point, and its size will depend on the size of the diode. For this type of application, a smaller beam is preferable because it's more precise. With a wider beam, the actual level point can be anywhere inside the width of the beam.
Can I use a laser level on the floor?
You can use a surface laser leveling device by setting it at the benchmark high spot that you want throughout the floor. A single laser line means you have a consistent elevation that's on your benchmark point. But if you see two lines, the floor is either lower or higher. From there, you'll need to rotate the device few degrees and mark spots that are low or high until you make a complete circle. This is where a rotary self-leveling laser comes in handy.
How do I choose a laser level?
Blog what is the advantage of laser leveling
Not all laser levels are created equal, and there are many things you have to consider before you decide to buy one. Laser leveling devices can be a useful alignment tool if you find one that's suitable for the kinds of tasks that you'll be performing. Dot lasers are the most basic types of laser levels, and they're typically used for simple tasks that are occasionally performed around the house. A rotary self-leveling laser is made for more complex construction projects that need more precise measurements.
What is a Crossline Laser Level?
Are you looking to invest in a new laser level but are unsure which to pick? More often than not it can be hard to tell all the laser level technology options apart. Here at Position Partner's, we know we're guilty of using technical language which is one of the reasons we're writing this, to help you understand exactly what our lasers do and how they can help you.
If someone has recommended you use a cross line laser level but you don't know how it will benefit your project, or even how it is different to all the other lasers on the market, then you've come to the right place. As major suppliers of laser levels to the Australian, New Zealand, and South-East Asian markets we've become experts at all things laser levels.
To put it in short terms, a crossline laser level is able to produce a horizontal and vertical laser line, either individually or at the same time. This enables you to line up the exact horizontal and vertical coordinates of your project with ease, making your job quicker and easier. The crossline laser level is a popular laser level choice for all industries and applications and often competes against the rotary laser, which we discuss more in our step by step guide for using a rotary laser.
The crossline laser is an evolved version of a line laser and the way it works is very similar to the technology deployed in a line laser. The device projects a laser through an optical lens to project the laser as a line instead of a point. If that overcomplicated your understanding, a simple way to understand how it works is thinking of a piece of glass that is flat on one side and curved on the other. When you shine a light or laser through it, it instantly stretches it.
Crossline laser levels have specially built optical lenses that allow them to project two lasers, one vertical and one horizontal. This gives you the choice between having both on or just one. This choice is particularly important depending on the type of work you are doing, as at times it is more of a hindrance than a benefit to have both lasers on.
Applications for Laser Distance Meters
Laser distance meters quickly measure distance to a target using the unit's laser spot, and can also do a quick calculation of area and volume.
Here's a collection of 101 great ideas on where to use a laser distance meter:
Facilities: Layout
1. Provide accurate estimates for bidding out work (HVAC, electrical, cable, maintenance). Measure distances, area, and/or volume.
2. Measure height or width of buildings1 and other objects, by triangulation if needed.
3. Verify CAD drawings for as-builts and design drawings.
4. Determine how square a room or object really is, or whether the sides are completely parallel.
5. Lay out parking lots.
6. Verify that new construction satisfies usage requirements.
7. Determine the footprint of equipment or office cubicles to be installed to aid in layout.
8. Create as-built building dim
ensions where no blueprints are provided.
9. Calculate total internal floor space/volume of a room or building.
10. Measure distances over areas where obstacles in the way disallow the use of measuring tapes or wheels.
Laser Detectors & Receivers Construction
With all of the types, makes and models of rotating laser receivers on the market, make sure you understand the basics of laser receivers so you can make a wise purchase decision. Laser Receivers (sometimes referred to as laser detectors) receive rotating laser signals at great distances. They are sometimes hand held, but most often attach to grade rods with sliding brackets. Laser receivers annunciate distinctly with light, sound and sometimes readable information to indicate when a laser receiver converges on and locates a rotating laser beam. A rotating laser may be visible for a few hundred feet indoors and much shorter distances in daylight, so when used with an appropriate laser receiver the operating radius is extended out to the laser operating range (which, depending on the laser transmitter, can be 175m, 300m, or even up to 500m). A receiver is generally required for outdoor use and for indoor use when there are very long working distances involved. Special receivers are required for line generator units (or other non-rotating lasers). Machine control receivers are addressed separately.
Hand held or rod mounted construction laser receivers range from very basic to very sophisticated, with prices starting at around $150 and ranging up to $500, and up to $700 for the new digital grade rod receivers. More advanced features are available on the more sophisticated units which, as one would expect, have the highest cost.

The Use of Plywood in Construction
Plywood has become one of the most popular building materials, thanks to its useful properties such as ability to withstand moisture and high strength. Despite being robust and versatile, plywood remains affordable and durable for small businesses. A quick glance at the different types of plywood will reveal their importance.
From kitchen cabinets, floorings, and walls to furniture: the entire construction industry revolves around plywood. The use of plywood will only continue to increase as the global market grows because of lack of affordable and reliable alternatives.
Use of Plywood in Construction Engineering
The most prominent use of plywood is in structural applications. Plywood can naturally withstand a lot of stress and full weather exposure. Structural plywood is best used for beams and hoardings, but it is commonly used in crates, bins, internal structures, outdoor furniture, and boxes. Structural plywood is used for wall and roof bracing.
There are several plywood grades in the market, the most common and popular being A-grade which can take some serious beating. It is not uncommon for highly durable boards to withstand continuous boiling without delaminating. However, there is marine plywood which is made with glues that are completely weatherproof and boilproof.
It is also common to use B-bond grade structural plywood. This obviously comes at the cost of durability, but the material is sturdy enough for use in exterior door skins and concrete formwork.
There’s also C-grade plywood, which is un-sanded and likely to have several minor defects that will need to be repaired. C-plywood is used in cases where appearance and durability aren’t that important, such as subfloors and garages. At the very low-end of the spectrum is D-grade plywood, which is un-sanded and guaranteed to have defects that haven’t been repaired. D-grade plywood is identifiable by obvious discoloration and sanding defects.
It is common for manufacturers to pair up different grades of plywood to save on costs. The most popular example is BC-grade, which is a mix of B-grade plywood on one side and C-grade on the other side.
i) Exterior Plywood
As the name suggests, exterior plywood is used outside the house in items that require some serious durability. This type of plywood is bound together using water-resistant glue that doesn’t wear off easily. Some of the most suitable applications for exterior plywood are walls, roof linings, stables, and even outdoor floorings.
ii) Interior Plywood
In this type of construction, aesthetics and appearance take priority. This is because the foundation of the walls and roofs are already laid out, requiring minor aesthetic touch-ups. Interior plywood is not very resistant against outdoor elements and tends to degrade quickly when exposed to moisture and heat.
Some of the popular applications for interior plywood include indoor furniture, interior cladding, and ceilings.
What are Commercial Plywood – It's Types and Sizes
Plywood is considered to be the cheapest and the best alternative to wood for making furniture, cabinets, paneling and even in industrial applications. It is because plywood is strong and impact resistant to a certain extent and it is available in easily workable sheet form when compared to wood.
Enquire Now for Plywood
What is commercial plywood?
There are different grades of plywood. The commercial plywood is the standard plywood that you can access in any hardware store when you ask for plywood. The commercial plywood is usually a grade of plywood that is quite cheap because it is manufacturer out of veneers or slices of woods called the ply which is glued or bonded together under high pressure. The commercial plywood is also termed MR plywood where MR denotes moisture resistant. This means that the plywood can withstand a fair amount of dampness, humidity, and moisture. The commercial plywoods are made with different types of veneers that are popular in a particular geographical location. You have commercial plywood made of Rubber veneers in the south whereas, you have veneers made of eucalyptus in some other place.
Locate: Plywood Suppliers and Manufacturers in India
On the basis of manufacturing of commercial plywood, you do have a commercial plywood type called the Alternate commercial plywood. This refers to the type of plywood that is manufactured using two different species of veneer. For example, Fir and Eucalyptus veneers or any other such combination can be used to make commercial plywoods.
Enquire Now for Commercial Plywood
Related Post: What is plywood & it's types
Types of Commercial Plywoods
The types of commercial plywoods include
Types based on the veneer of wood used.
Hardwood plywood- This refers to the plywood that is manufactured by bonding together veneers from hardwood.
Softwood plywood- This refers to the use of veneers of softwoods or softwood chips that are glued together that are then heat pressed in the manufacturing of softwood plywood.
What is fancy plywood?
Fancy plywood, also known as decorative plywood, fancy board, composite decorative board, is made of plywood, fiberboard or particleboard as the base material, and is made of precious tree species, cut veneer and imported matt paper of various colors. It is usually decorated with beautiful hardwood veneers such as red oak, ash, white oak, birch, maple, teak, saponin, cherry, beech, walnut and more. In Morocco, fancy plywood plays a prominent role in woodworking, cabinet making and interior design. Fancy plywood uses a fine wood surface that combines the technical features of plywood to combine the beauty of fine wood at a more affordable price. It has the characteristics of realistic texture, uniform density, small thickness error, smooth surface, pollution resistance and aging resistance. It is suitable for indoor wall, cylinder, wall skirt, decorative surface decoration and furniture making.
Fancy plywood is much more expensive than ordinary commercial plywood. In general, the price of fancy/back veneer (outer veneer) is 2~6 times that of ordinary hardwood/back veneer (such as red hardwood veneer, Okoume veneer, red Canarium veneer, poplar paste) Face, pine veneer, etc.). In order to save costs, most customers only require single-sided plywood to face fancy veneers, while the other plywood needs to face ordinary hardwood veneers.
Fancy plywood features
Fancy plywood is used where the appearance of the plywood is most important. Therefore, fancy veneers should have good-looking textures and become top-level (Grade A). Fancy plywood is flat and smooth.
The fancy veneers can be plain slices, quarter slices or rotary cuts (eg, rotary cut fancy birch veneers). Usually, fancy wood is natural wood. However, artificial (artificial) fancy veneers (also known as engineered wood veneers) are also available. Artificial fancy veneers look similar to natural wood veneers but are much cheaper.
The raw materials for fancy plywood should be much better. For example, the core of fancy plywood should be of high quality. Fancy plywood is widely used in furniture, cabinets, doors, and home decoration.
Production Technology of polyester plywood
Unsaturated polyester resin decorative plywood, also known as polyester board, is based on ordinary plywood, pasted with a layer of decorative board, and then coated with an unsaturated polyester paint on the paper surface after curing. The product is beautiful, bright in color, with a variety of fine patterns and high transparency, thick coating, high hardness and wear resistance, has a certain water resistance, resistance to a variety of chemicals and pollution resistance, therefore, it has been widely used.
Its production process is roughly as follows:
Plywood substrate coating decorative paper drying or hot pressing coating unsaturated polyester resin drying trimming grading inspection finished products.
The plywood base material requires good quality, and the surface of the plywood should fully meet the decorative quality requirements.
Real Wood vs MDF
Real Wood Advantages
Real wood has several benefits. It is strong and beautiful. Also it is quite durable. Because of its superior quality it offers the potential for many generations of hard use.
But real wood tends to contract or expand when it is exposed to changes in temperature and humidity. If you fail to control heat or humidity, doors, window frames and paneling made from real wood can crack, shrink or buckle.
Medium Density Fiberboard Advantages
Medium density fiberboard (MDF) performs much better than real wood in at least some areas. It is a composite material of high quality. MDF is made from resin and recycled wood fibers. It is pressed to produce dense sheets that remain stable in all weather conditions. MDF can withstand changes in humidity and heat better than solid wood. Real wood tends to expand and contract when humidity and temperatures rise and fall. As a result, cabinets, doors and panels made from real wood require more maintenance and care.
In areas such as bathrooms where humidity tends to be high, real wood is not suitable. If your bathroom has a high humidity, you should improve its ventilation, or consider using cabinets and vanities made from water resistant MDF products.
MDF also tends to outperform solid wood in the making of painted cabinet doors. Also unlike real wood, it is available in larger 5 – foot by 12 – foot panels.
An MDF panel does not have any visible grains on its surface. So when you use MDF, the problem of wood grain bleeding through paint does not arise. This can be an issue when you use real wood.
Cost is another consideration. MDF is much cheaper than real wood. It is also readily available. When you use solid wood for your projects, you will need to purchase more because you have to eliminate pieces with knots and cracks. This problem does not arise when you use MDF. Also MDF is more economical in wainscoting and bead board paneling where large sheets are used.
MDF is made up of a mixture of wax, wood solids and resin pressed together under high pressure and high temperature to produce a uniform wood like product. It is basically sawdust bonded together with glue.
If you decide to use MDF for your projects, make sure that you choose varieties that do not contain formaldehyde which is known as a human carcinogen. Releasing tiny particles of MDF to the air during cutting or sanding should be avoided.
Not all MDF products contain formaldehyde. You can easily find MDF products that qualify for ‘green' home certifications like National Green Building Standard and LEED.

Understanding Metal Stamping
Metal stamping is a cold-forming process that makes use of dies and stamping presses to transform sheet metal into different shapes. Pieces of flat sheet metal, typically referred to as blanks, is fed into a sheet metal stamping press that uses a tool and die surface to form the metal into a new shape. Production facilities and metal fabricators offering stamping services will place the material to be stamped between die sections, where the use of pressure will shape and shear the material into the desired final shape for the product or component.
This article describes the metal stamping process and steps, presents the types of stamping presses typically employed, looks at the advantages of stamping compared to other fabrication processes, and explains the different types of stamping operations and their applications.
Basic Concepts of Metal Stamping
Metal stamping, also referred to as pressing, is a low-cost high-speed manufacturing process that can produce a high volume of identical metal components. Stamping operations are suitable for both short or long production runs, and be conducted with other metal forming operations, and may consist of one or more of a series of more specific processes or techniques, such as:
Punching
Blanking
Embossing
Coining
Bending
Flanging
Punching and blanking refer to the use of a die to cut the material into specific forms. In punching operations, a scrap piece of material is removed as the punch enters the die, effectively leaving a hole in the workpiece. Blanking, on the other hand, removes a workpiece from the primary material, making that removed component the desired workpiece or blank.
Embossing is a process for creating either a raised or recessed design in sheet metal, by pressing the raw blank against a die that contains the desired shape, or by passing the material blank through a roller die.
Coining is a bending technique wherein the workpiece is stamped while placed between a die and the punch or press. This action causes the punch tip to penetrate the metal and results in accurate, repeatable bends. The deep penetration also relieves internal stresses in the metal workpiece, resulting in no spring back effects.
Bending refers to the general technique of forming metal into desired shapes such as L, U, or V-shaped profiles. The bending process for metal results in a plastic deformation which stresses above the yield point but below the tensile strength. Bending typically occurs around a single axis.
Flanging is a process of introducing a flare or flange onto a metal workpiece through the use of dies, presses, or specialized flanging machinery.
Metal stamping machines may do more than just stamping; they can cast, punch, cut and shape metal sheets. Machines can be programmed or computer numerically controlled (CNC) to offer high precision and repeatability for each stamped piece. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) and computer-aided design (CAD) programs ensure accuracy. Various tooling machines for the dies used in the stampings are available. Progressive, forming, compound, and carbide tooling perform specific stamping needs. Progressive dies can be used to create multiple pieces on a single piece simultaneously.
What is Electrical Fitting?
As you know,the conduit fittings as attachment or accessories for electrical conduit,so we called electrical fitting,conduit fitting or conduit accessories in general.They are used for connect the conduit for easier run the wires in whole house and connect to your electronic appliance.Different conduit has different fitting for connect,you must be pay more attention the size and standard before purchased.
The Benefits of Electrical Fittings
Maybe you never thought about this issue seriously, but what happens if we don't have fittings?
(1) Easy to Connecting Conduit & Running Wire
If you don't have a bend or reducer on hand,you will be crazy.
We can't arrange the pipes and wires in a straight line for the whole house which is determined by the geometry.In most cases,it is necessary to turn at the corner and to arrange the wire under or on the wall such as ceiling lamp installed.
However,you need to repair part of the tube sometimes for it is damaged,but you can not replace all of them instead of repair part of a pipe.So the fittings can help you to do this.
(2) Protect Wires
Good quality conduit can be kept safe of your wire,but it need to match with nice quality fittings too.For example, If you encounter a 90° corner, there is no bend or related fitting on hand.When we run the wire directly and through the pipe, this may cause additional bending and pressure on the wire insulation layer,resulting in whitening of the insulation layer and faster aging.Once the insulating layer fails, there may be a risk of electric shock.
Moreover,a well-sealed conduit will reduce the probability of water and dust entering,which not only keeps the pipe clean, but also protects the safety of the wires.
(3) Easy to Pull the Wires
If you need to modify the direction or position of the previous wiring for some reason,and we supposed you do not have any special tools.It is the wrong way to pull the wire directly from the right-angle wire tube because this will damage the insulation layer of the wire during the process of pulling the wire,which may cause danger in some cases.Moreover, pulling the wire in this way is easy to get stuck and increasing in construction time.
The Difference Between Hot-Dip Galvanizing And Cold Galvanized
Hot-dip galvanizing and cold galvanized the difference:
1. Galvanizing, also known as hot-dip galvanized, he is the ingot melted at high temperatures, a number of supplementary material in place, then dipped galvanized metal structure slot, the metal component on a layer of zinc coating . The advantages of hot-dip galvanizing corrosion of his ability, adhesion and hardness of zinc coating is better
“Cold plated” or “plating”, ie the zinc salt solution by electrolysis, to the plating on the coating, generally do not have heating, small amount of zinc, the wet environment is very easy to fall off.
2. Hot dip galvanized (galvanizing)
Hot-dip galvanizing is a chemical treatment, is the electrochemical reaction.
Cold galvanizing is the physical address, just brush the surface layer of zinc, the zinc layer is easy to fall off. Construction in the use of hot dip galvanizing.
Continuous hot dip galvanizing process: steel → heating → cooling to the temperature galvanized galvanized → cooling →
Cold galvanized zinc is only 10-50g/m2, its own corrosion resistance than hot dip galvanized a lot of difference. Galvanized by a relatively cheaper price.
Hot dip galvanized steel body is hot dip galvanized surface under the condition of its adhesion strong, not easy to fall off, although there hot dip galvanized pipe corrosion phenomenon, but in a very long period to meet technical, health requirements.
3. Technological differences
First of all, is the difference between process: hot-dip galvanizing is the workpiece degreasing, pickling, dipping, drying liquid immersion in molten zinc certain period of time, can be raised.
Also known as electro-galvanized cold galvanizing, is to use electrolysis devices work piece through the degreasing, pickling ingredients post into the zinc salt solution, and connect the anode electrolysis equipment; in place across parts of zinc plate connected to the electrolysis equipment positive, power on, use of current from the cathode to the anode of the directional movement of the workpiece will be deposited in a layer of zinc.
Zinc finished the difference: no cold galvanized hot-dip galvanizing delicate bright appearance, but the thickness of zinc coating of cold galvanizing aspects of hot-dip galvanizing is a few times. Galvanized corrosion resistance is also several times.
4. Environmental issues
Fewer emissions of some hot-dip galvanizing.
Galvanized pollutants are mainly artifacts of waste acid pickling.
Cold galvanized pollutants include parts of the waste acid pickling, electroplating waste, liquid waste such as passivation.
Cold galvanized the type and quantity of pollutants discharged are much more than hot dip galvanizing.
Hot-dip zinc standards: GB/T13912-92
Hot-dip galvanizing: hot dip galvanizing process is generally completed after Hemming, when the load is not less than 5mm thick flat steel, the galvanized zinc coating after the average weight of not less than 610 grams / square meter; when the load flat steel thickness less than 5mm, the galvanized zinc coating after the average weight of not less than 460 grams / square meter, and after galvanizing quality requirements should be consistent with the provisions GB/T13912
What is ADSS Fibre?
All-dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) cable is a type of optical fiber cable that is strong enough to support itself between structures without using conductive metal elements. It is used by electrical utility companies as a communications medium, installed along existing overhead transmission lines and often sharing the same support structures as the electrical conductors.
ADSS is an alternative to OPGW and OPAC with lower installation cost. The cables are designed to be strong enough to allow lengths of up to 700 metres to be installed between support towers. ADSS cable is designed to be lightweight and small in diameter to reduce the load on tower structures due to cable weight, wind, and ice.
In the design of the cable, the internal glass optical fibers are supported with little or no strain, to maintain low optical loss throughout the life of the cable. The cable is jacketed to prevent moisture from degrading the fibers. The jacket also protects the polymer strength elements from the effect of solar ultraviolet light.
Using single-mode fibers and light wavelengths of either 1310 or 1550 nanometres, circuits up to 100 km long are possible without repeaters. A single cable can carry as many as 864 fibers.
What is overhead line fitting?
Overhead line fitting is a wide range of steel fittings that are used to construct the overhead line，it is used to hang, connect or protect conductors or insulators.
Overhead line fitting is also called overhead line hardware or overhead line accessories.
According to the function, overhead line fittings can be divided into:
String hardware
Suspension clamp
Tension clamp
Splicing fitting
Protective fitting
Dead end fitting

Top 3 Methods For How To Clean Stainless Steel Jewelry
Do you have some stainless steel jewelry but aren't sure how to get it looking clean and like new? Stainless steel has a lot of great benefits when used to make jewelry and makes for a great alternative to other jewelry metals. Today, stainless steel is an incredibly attractive and affordable jewelry metal for wedding bands due to its durability, scratch resistance and continued luster. (Check out our blog Best Online Jewelry Store For Engagement Rings & Wedding Rings!) Consider these benefits to using stainless steel for jewelry:
#1 Super Strong.
Finished stainless steel jewelry will retain its shape, will not readily warp, nor will it easily lose its fine detail to nicks or scrapes. Stainless steel jewelry items with a brushed or satin finish will retain their luster longer, as well. Its strength and durability also makes stainless steel resistant to scratches.
#2 Resistant to Rust, Oxidation & Discoloration.
Stainless steel is a relatively corrosion-resistant when compared to other jewelry metals. For those living in high-humidity locations, stainless steel is highly recommended as this metal will keep from rusting much longer than other kinds of metals.
#3 Great Alternative For Those with Allergies or Sensitivities.
Unplated stainless steel jewelry is one of the best options out there for those with allergies or skin sensitivities. Copper or brass jewelry should be avoided for those with allergies or skin sensitivities. Though stainless steel can contain some nickel, it is commonly considered hypoallergenic for most people.
To learn more about how to clean stainless steel jewelry, keep reading!! We've got a lot of great tips on how to clean stainless steel rings, the best stainless steel jewelry cleaner, and how to clean stainless steel jewelry at home. For more information about how to clean other kinds of jewelry, check out our Complete Guide: How To Clean Jewelry.
Pros and Cons of Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is a well-known material used to make everything from cooking utensils to car parts. An alloy that mixes elements like chromium, titanium, and nickel, its silvery finish also makes it a popular commodity in jewelry design. Stainless steel not only mimics the look of fine, precious metal, but baubles made of this material are much more affordable. When it comes to rings, those made of stainless steel are a smart choice for everyday wear since they will be durable and strong. However, there are pros and cons to be considered before slipping that new ring onto your finger.

ADVANTAGES

Stainless steel is a highly durable metal, allowing it to withstand the wear and tear of everyday activities, which can otherwise damage a ring. The hard metal resists scratches and corrosion thanks to an invisible layer of chromium that prevents oxidation; this makes it a wonder metal of choice for body jewelry. Maintaining stainless steel jewelry is also a lot easier as you won't have to have special cleaning solution to care for your wholesale jewelry. Just use warm water, liquid soap, and a little bit of elbow grease and your stainless steel ring will be good as new. Because it is not a precious metal such as gold, silver or bronze, it's very affordable, making stainless steel pieces quite budget friendly.

DRAWBACKS

Despite its durability, stainless steel rings can dent. Compared with precious metals, only silver dents more than stainless steel. Sizing a stainless ring can be difficult because the metal is hard, rigid and stiff. This rigidity also makes it challenging for jewelers to set gemstones. Additionally, stainless steel can sometimes include nickel, which can be problematic if you have a nickel allergy. Although people with nickel allergies have successfully worn Oooh! Shiny Things jewelry without any issues, the severity of allergies differ from person to person so it is still advised to use caution when purchasing stainless steel and purchase at your own risk if you have a nickel allergy.
Initial Necklaces for Each Letter in the Alphabet
Initial necklaces are among the best baubles for personalizing a jewelry look. From delicate chains to bold pendants and glittering diamonds, there are endless options for customizing your neckline, whether your metal preference is white or yellow gold, silver, or so-modern rose gold. Of course, birthstone, charm, and astrological jewelry are other stylish personalized adornments. Yet, there's nothing quite like a metal-worked or diamond-encrusted A, B, or C to showcase your favorite letter or initials.
Some of the most popular and easy-to-wear initial necklaces are dainty and often rendered in script, block, or gothic letters. At the same time, baguette stones, glittering pavé, and oversized letters amount to bolder initial jewelry moments. Of course, gemstones, pearls, and enamel touches make for a more striking lettered necklace too.
When worn alone in all its glory, you'll glean more of a minimal look from an initial necklace. Or you can take things in a maximalist direction by combining several letters on the same chain or layering several to represent your first and last name, a favorite word, or the initials of loved ones. As a playful homage, why not don a strand with your pet's name, a favorite mantra, or a nickname? Whatever your preference—and we highly recommend owning an assortment—you can layer all types of initial necklaces beautifully, like with other chains, charms, and pendants.
Don't forget, initial necklaces also make extraordinary gifts for birthdays, holidays, or to celebrate special events like a wedding (new last name, who this?) or the birth of a baby.
From affordable jewelry finds to lust-worthy fine designs, scroll on for Vogue's edit of the very best initial necklaces representing each letter of the alphabet.
What is a pendant in jewelry?
Pendant, in jewelry, ornament suspended from a bracelet, earring, or, especially, a necklace. Pendants are derived from the primitive practice of wearing amulets or talismans around the neck. The practice dates from the Stone Age, when pendants consisted of such objects as teeth, stones, and shells.
The pharaohs of ancient Egypt wore pendants that were sometimes of huge dimensions, usually bearing commemorative or auspicious scenes in which the sovereign is being deified. Other pendants were in the shape of flies, winged scarabs, vultures, the eye of the god Horus, falcons, and sacred serpents. An exquisite example of an early gold pendant is that of two hornets clasped together, found in Mycenae and dating from the 17th century BCE. Etruscan pendants were decorated with spindles and cylinders, figured, or in the shape of human heads. Greek and Hellenistic pendants usually formed the entire necklace. Pendants in the shape of a bulla are frequent in Roman necklaces, but there are also examples of cameos, intaglios, and gold coins mounted as pendants.
During the Middle Ages, characteristic jewels were the reliquary, or devotional, pendant and the cross, chased or enamelled with religious subjects and often set in an architectural frame. One of the most famous early pendant reliquaries, which belonged to Charlemagne, contained relics of the True Cross and the crown of thorns under a sapphire set with gold. In the 14th century it was customary for noblemen to wear necklaces with pendants bearing heraldic subjects; pendants worn by women generally depicted sentimental subjects.
Toward the beginning of the 16th century, pendants became decorative rather than religious objects. The Renaissance artists created numerous beautiful crosses and figured pendants modelled in high relief and depicting numerous subjects, such as mermaids, tritons, animals and ships, and mythological and religious scenes. Often, the irregular shapes of baroque pearls were exploited and adapted for the bodies of human beings or animals, whose faces and limbs were modelled in gold and enamelled.
Should I buy a Zirconium ring? Pros and Cons
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Gone are the days when the only 3 viable materials for rings and wedding bands were just gold, silver, and platinum. Nowadays, with the advancement of modern technologies, the industry has harnessed and created many other great metallic and non-metallic materials that make for excellent wedding bands. And one of them is zirconium.
This fascinating material has wide-ranging applications and is excellent in use for industrial purposes like nuclear reactors as well as in jewelry. Be careful not to confuse zirconium with zirconia, however, as the latter – also known as Cubic Zirconia – is a man-made material with very different characteristic.
So, what exactly is zirconium and why should you consider it for your wedding band?
What Is A Zirconium Wedding Band?
Zirconium is a natural element that is usually derived by purifying other minerals such as zircon with chlorine. This means that zirconium isn't found in its “native form” but needs to go through an extraction process. Fortunately, the purifying process is inexpensive and allows for large quantities of zirconium to be produced at a very low price.
After it gets produced in this manner, zirconium has a silver-ish or greyish color at first. However, it's typically heat treated and exposed afterward in order to oxidize the metal and give it a rich black color. This is one of the main draws of zirconium as most metals can only achieve such a black color through plating or antiquing which tends to fade over time. The black color of heat treated Zirconium, on the other hand, doesn't fade, doesn't tarnish, and doesn't change color – it's permanent.
After going through this treatment, black zirconium gets a very nice feel as the oxidized top layer feels like ceramic while also being as hard as sapphire. The surface can be given various finishes, such as brushed, hammered or polished.

Everything You Want to Know About Panel Lighting: LED Panels vs. Troffer Lights
Panel lighting is designed for both residential and commercial applications. This type of lighting fixture is made to replace conventional fluorescent ceiling lights, and designed to mount on suspended grid ceilings or recessed ceilings.
LED panel lighting delivers a smooth and flawless wall of illumination without visible bulbs or hot spots.
Their versatility allows them to be mounted on numerous surfaces and used in multiple applications. Whether you want to replace your existing T8 fluorescent troffer light fixture or start a new construction project, panel lighting is an innovative and energy efficient alternative.
How does LED panel lighting compare to traditional fluorescent or incandescent light bulbs?
Acrylic Light panels are much more durable than your traditional light bulb and longer lasting. LED panel lights can last up to 17 years, assuming usage is around 8 hours a day, while an incandescent light bulb or fluorescent light will only last a fraction of that time. Compare CFL's vs. Halogen vs. Fluorescent vs. Incandescent vs. LED
They come in a variety of brightness and wattage, which makes them great for kitchens, hospitals, offices, gyms, schools, and so much more. Although LED light bulbs seem to be all the hype right now, commercial contractors are moving towards LED panel lighting for their sleek and modern look.
What is the difference between an LED Troffer and a LED Panel?
LED panels are used to replace your existing fluorescent ceiling lights. They require less space due to their slim profile and straight edge. LED troffers, however, are rectangular light fixtures that are designed for a modular dropped ceiling. They generally require more space for installation, but can come in a variety of style options.
How Long Do Solar Lights Last
If you recently bought some solar powered LED lights, then you must be wondering how long do solar lights last.
Well, if you are looking for an in-depth answer, then this article is specially made for you.
In this article, we will cover how long do solar outdoor lights last, how long does it take them to charge, and how many hours will they stay on.
So without further ado, let's jump right into it.
The short answer is 1-5 years depending on many factors such as weather, quality, usage, and many more.
However, to properly answer your question, here is a list of the life expectancy of the 3 main solar lights components:
Solar LED Lights’ panels lose their efficiency over time depending on 3 factors: usage, conversion efficiency, and efficiency loss per year.
For example, a Monocrystalline Solar Panel has a conversion efficiency of around 23.54% and an average output loss of 0.8% a year. This means that within 29.3 years, this solar panel will be dead.
Generally speaking, most solar panels last between 10-30 years before they become useless.
The Ultimate Guide to Underwater Video Lights
There are two types of lighting which are used underwater: Strobes (AKA flashes) and Video Lights (Constant LED Lights). Underwater Video Lights are more popular than strobes since they allow shooting both video and stills.
After creating the Ultimate Strobe Guide, we wanted to share our thoughts on the second type, and help you choose the best underwater video light for your needs.
If you want to skip directly to the recommended video lights section, click here (Updated May 2021).
When trying to choose which underwater video light to get, you should consider the following features:

1. Lumens – How strong the video light is.
   
   
2. Beam Angle – How wide or narrow the beam is.
   
   
3. Controls – Which buttons / dials / levers are used to operate the light.
   
   
4. Modes and Levels – Which modes are available and how many power levels.
   
   
5. Beam Quality – Is the beam nice and even or does it have hotspots.
   
   
6. Mounts – Which mounts does the light come with.
   
   
7. Batteries and Charging – How long does the battery last, how fast does it charge.
   
   
8. Price – No explanation needed
   

1. It can be equipped with different ceiling lights. Magnetic led light adopts modular concept, which can be applied to many light source modules of the magnetic suction lamp, including downlight, spotlight, grid lamp, magnetic light bar, recessed linear lighting, etc. The light source can be freely selected and DIY can be used to meet the lighting requirements of different spaces.
   
   
2. The number of light fixtures can be increased or decreased freely. There is no limit to the number of lamps and lanterns installed on the track. If the light intensity is not enough then just Increasing the magnetic rail lights onto a rail. If the brightness is too high, then take fewer led lights.
   
   
3. It can move freely and adjust the angle freely On the magnetic track, the lights can move freely, and the lamp can be arranged freely according to the space demand. Besides, many of the magnetic led lights are adjustable angles, including the magnetic track spotlight, magnetic grille light, etc which increases the degree of freedom of light design.
   
   
4. Low-pressure safety, no-touch hazard. Generally, the magnetic track lamps on the market are designed with a low voltage of 24V or dc48V. even if the track is always electrified, there is no danger for manual touch and installation of lamps. Of course, there is a magnetic track light 110VAC 220VAC available in markets.
   
   

The advantages of drawstring glasses pouch in the jewelry industry
Drawstring glasses pouches are mainly made of ultra fine fiber double-bristled fabrics during the production process. When used, the hand feels very soft and delicate. The bag body can be screen printed or embossed with LOGO. Easy to carry, in addition to being used to store products, can also play a role in cleaning the surface of the product.
Drawstring glasses bags will not have their scratching and fluffing, so that the mirror dust and stains can be quickly removed to some extent. Drawstring glasses bags are also very suitable for its application to high-grade pearls, precious stones, night pearls, and bracelets.
The advantage of using a Drawstring Bag in the jewelry industry is that the interior of the product is soft and delicate and does not grind jewelry. Microfiber manufacturing, velvet surface texture is very good, fine workmanship. Embroidered drawstrings in the mouth of the jewellery bag are freely retractable to protect the jewelry and prevent it from slipping out.
The surface of the Drawstring Bags is delicate and soft. The materials can be made of Quandi, T/C compound, low-carbon and environmental protection, water absorption and dust removal, and can be used for grinding and plain weave, double grinding, single grinding, and can provide inspection reports. Can provide transfer printing, screen printing, hot press and other printing methods, the LOGO printed on the glasses bag, more intuitive and environmentally friendly. According to the customer LOGO goods, vivid patterns, with a strong publicity and brand effect.
Drawstring eyeglasses bags are environmentally friendly, water-absorbing and dust-removing to a certain extent, and do not affect the containment and wiping effect. They are mainly used in resins, electronics, MP3, cameras, mobile phones, LSI, IC computers, office equipment, glasses, lenses, and CDs. , recording, video heads, jewelry, watches and other fields.
Reasons Why You Choose Hard Shell Zipper EVA Cases
EVA cases are one of the most popular travel options available on the market. These cases have a hard-plastic exterior, though they remain flexible and lightweight. Bonito Packaging produces these in either a hard or soft case. Let's examine what makes hard EVA zipper cases so prevalent. EVA cases are one of the most popular travel options available on the market. These cases have a hard-plastic exterior, though they remain flexible and lightweight. Bonito Packaging produces these in either a hard or soft case. Let's examine what makes hard EVA zipper cases so prevalent.
1. Protect Items
One of the most significant benefits of these cases is that they can protect your belongings from getting broken and crushed. Businesses can spend hundreds preparing materials for major presentations. So, you want to make sure that they all arrive safely. When faced with an impact, the hard shell absorbs the force leaving everything inside intact.
2. Perfect for Travel
Business people will know how important the right travel case is. Depending on the business, you might need to take multiple trips each year. You want a high-quality product that will last for a long time. Unlike other bags, molded EVA cases are durable and can withstand numerous trips each year. Also, hard EVA zipper cases are lightweight and easy to carry, making them perfect for travelers.
3. There Are a Variety of Options Available
There are many different things that you want to protect when you travel. For example, you might want to make sure that your laptop is safe, protect essential tools, and keep your cosmetic items intact. Each of these items will require a different shape of case to provide adequate protection. Also, some cases contain foam inserts to offer better protection to your tools and devices. For this reason, there are various EVA bags & cases to choose from, so you can protect a range of items. Also, they come in a variety of stylish designs, so you can find one to fit your company's colors.
4. Can Withstand Extreme Temperatures
When traveling, you will be exposed to a range of temperature extremes. It's common to fly from hot and humid environments to cold, dry climates. While you can acclimatize, your belongings might not be able to. For this reason, it's crucial that their cases can protect them from these temperature extremes. EVA cases are designed to do this using their thermal insulation technology.
5. EVA Cases Offer Protection from Spills
Technology is becoming increasingly important to businesses. However, something as simple as a spilled drink can destroy electronic devices if the water gets into the circuitry. Water damage might mean that your business will lose any data stored on the device. Besides, you'll have to replace the equipment, which can be quite expensive. Thankfully, purchasing a hard EVA zipper case can help protect your company's electronics from this. Because the moisture can't get through the plastic shell, these cases are waterproof. Purchasing an EVA case is very inexpensive, compared to the cost of replacing the device.
Take you into the world of handmade glasses case
The handmade glasses case is the most expensive one among Semi Hard eyeglass cases, hard eyeglass case, and plastic eyeglass case. It has also been used by various high-end brands as the packaging of its luxury series of glasses. So, as the professional glasses case manufacturer in China for more than 10 years, today ISUNNY will explain some relevant knowledge points to help more people know about it.
1. What is a handmade glasses case?
As the name implies, this type of spectacle case is all made by hand. Of course, with the advancement of technology, more and more production processes will be slowly replaced by mechanization, such as cutting, gluing and logo production.
2. The production process of the handmade eyeglass case
When the raw materials are bought back, we will cut them according to the size and graphics of the glasses case, and then transfer to the glue spraying process; after the glue dries, we start to paste the fabric part and then wrap the edge of the glasses case (also called Hem). The next step is to produce the logo according to the customer's requirements. After the logo details are processed, we will fix the lining. After the above steps are completed, we are going to undergo plastic surgery to perfect the shape of the glasses case. The last step is to carry out quality inspection and packing (of course we are not only in the last step of quality inspection, but we also start from the first step of raw materials in, and carry out the inspection, and accompanied each step of the entire production process)
3.Classification of the handmade eyeglasses case
A. General handmade glasses cases are divided into regular and special-shaped handmade glasses cases. The regular hand-made glasses case refers to the triangular and square or rectangular glasses case, and the irregular shape refers to the round or arc or stepped glasses case. Regular hand-made spectacle cases are relatively cheap due to the large part of the machinery involved in the production. On the contrary, all or most of the special-shaped spectacle cases are completed by hand, so the price will be more expensive.
B. Handmade glasses cases are also divided into foldable and non-foldable glasses cases. Normally, foldable glasses cases refer to triangular and square or rectangular glasses cases. The advantage of the folding glasses case is that it is convenient for users to carry around because when you take out the glasses from the glasses case, you can easily fold the glasses case into the bag, even in the pocket of clothes or pants It doesn't take up volume either, is it perfect?
C. According to the size of the eyewear case, we can divide the handmade eyeglass case into sunglasses case, optical glasses case and reading glasses case.
Because of time constraints, we will close here today. Next post we will tell you which fabrics can be used for handmade glasses cases, what materials can be used for the support part of handmade glasses cases, what logo process can be done for handmade glasses cases, and whether you can customize your own size and shape.
If you have any other questions about the above points, please leave a message in the comment area below, and we will give you a detailed response as soon as possible.
Barrel Hinge
The hinge is the only moving part on an eyewear frame. The hinge helps keep the frame tight, takes the brunt of many impacts and allows the temples to fold in or out. Therefore, a high quality hinge will prolong the life of the frame.
A barrel hinge is one of the most popular hinges to feature on eyewear. A barrel hinge is the one with 'loops' and a screw through these loops. The 'loops' are the barrel. The amount of barrels usually depend on the thickness of the temples. The thicker the temple results in more barrels. This is to strengthen the hinge. Barrels typically come in intervals of either 3, 5 or 7. Some of the barrels are fixed to the temple and the others to the rear of the end pieces. The advantages of a hinge barrel are, added durability and a strong mechanism. The disadvantages are over time the hinge made become loose, rust and on some occasions the screw pop out of the mechanism.
The Pros and Cons of Reading Glasses
Have you been worrying if you'll soon need to buy a pair of reading glasses? Are these letters getting a little fuzzy? Don't be scared if you start realizing you can't read up close. Don't panic! This is something that a lot of people start realizing sometime in their life, whether they're young or old. If you see that you need to stretch your arm more and more to be able to focus on the words it might be a sign that you need reading glasses. But that is not always the case!
Help, I Can't Read Up Close!
The first thing we advise you to do is set up an appointment with an ophthalmologist. Have a full eye exam. Are you having headaches? Are you tired? There are a lot of circumstances that inhibit you from properly focusing on up close reading. You might not necessarily need reading glasses.
The Pros and Cons of Reading Glasses
Once you make an appointment with at your local optometry office they can give you an idea of what might be happening to your vision.
Often times headaches and nausea can result from wearing the wrong prescription of readers or may have optical centers far from your pupil centers.
This is why we recommend having an eye doctor specialist do an eye exam. These are a regular recommendation even if you don't experience regular problems with your eyesight.
Reading Glasses Don't Deteriorate Your Eyesight
Yes, you can become more dependent on using them, but if you notice your eyesight getting weaker over time it is not because of you wearing reading glasses. Your eyesight naturally fades and falters as you grow older. Many people develop presbyopia during their middle and old age years.
‘Readers' Help Improve Your Vision
Unfortunately we haven't invented glasses that fully correct eye problems, they only help eyesight. Take extra measures to protect your eye health because once damage is done, it becomes harder to repair it.
Glasses or Contact Lenses?
Reading glasses are cheaper, safer, and often times cleaner. They cost less and they don't have to be replaced as often. Glasses are used externally, so you don't have to risk poking your eye or causing a possible eye infection. They also require less maintenance overall.
Even though it could mean bad news that you need to wear reading glasses, think about all your new style options and the wrinkles you'll avoid by no longer squinting.