How to start paper plate making company business
Disposable paper plate making business are the demand of the day for the Food & Beverage industries. Whether it’s a School Canteen, a vendor selling food on the train, or an anniversary party, plastic plates can be easily seen being used. Unlike plastic plates, these are eco-friendly and bio-degradable waste, therefore, preferred over other plates among most of the environment-conscious & developed countries. So paper plate business covers the Indian market as well as other developed countries’ market.

Double die Press paper plate machine cost
Depending upon the type of paper plate making machine, whether fully automatic or semi-automatic, and type of dies used.The cost of Fully automatic Hydraulic paper plate machine ranges between INR 97,000 to 5 lakhs.
New tests by BEUC, the European Consumer Organisation, claim to show that food packaging made of coloured paper and cardboard may contain and release chemicals originating from the inks used for printing.
The claims come amid an ongoing shift from plastic to paper packaging for a range of products.
Paper is the second most used food packaging material after plastics and used for items like coffee cups and straws. But, unlike plastics, there are no EU rules governing paper’s use as a “food contact” material.
With single-use plastics set to be banned in the EU from 2021, the BEUC tests have raised safety concerns over some alternatives like paper. The group says the results show the need for EU-wide laws regulating the use and safety of all paper and cardboard food packaging.
In the tests, BEUC analysed 76 samples of printed paper food container or board food packaging, such as coffee cups, paper straws, printed napkins and grocery products.
BEUC said the findings show that more than one in six samples contained primary aromatic amines, some of which are suspected to cause cancer. Nine samples contained these chemicals above the limit set in the EU Plastic Regulation.
Almost all 76 samples contained UV filters. Some UV filters are suspected to cause cancer or disrupt the hormone system. Further analysis of 21 samples showed that UV filters migrate into food above the recommended levels in six products, including a children’s box of raisins.
The safety of most of the substances found to migrate into food has not been evaluated by the EU food safety watchdog, EFSA.
Reacting to the findings, Monique Goyens, director general of BEUC, told this website, “Most consumers naturally assume that the material in direct contact with their food is free of harmful chemicals but that is sadly not the case.”
Why is industrial packaging important?
Packaging is everywhere. It’s an important component of the consumer-led lives we lead. Whenever we make a purchase online or in the shops, our products are contained in some form of packaging.
But while we are all too familiar with packaging in supermarkets, industrial packaging is often overlooked – and it’s one of the most important links in the supply chain.
Industrial packaging includes everything from blue plastic drums to cardboard boxes, all of which help products to arrive safely and in perfect condition. In this article, we take a look at why industrial packaging is so important.
WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING?
To understand why industrial packaging is so important, you first need to understand what it is.
The goal of industrial packaging is to protect industrial goods while they are being stored or transported. It’s often heavy-duty and versatile, and is designed to store large quantities of goods, from hazardous waste to foodstuff. Industrial packaging is different from the commercial packaging you find in shops in terms of scale and materials used.
Common types of industrial packaging include blue plastic drums, steel drums, cardboard boxes, intermediate bulk containers (IBC) and fibre drums, among many more.
HEALTH AND SAFETY
In an industrial capacity, the most important role that industrial packaging plays is in terms of health and safety. Indeed, many laws and regulations require stringent health and safety standards to be reached and procedures to be followed. Industrial packaging helps businesses to meet their requirements.
It’s designed specifically to store industrial goods, although it’s vital that you select the correct type of packaging for the goods you need to store.
Industrial packaging keeps goods safely stored while they are in the warehouse or in transit to their destination. Packaging such as blue plastic drums, for instance, is certified to hold hazardous waste and chemicals. Containers such as steel drums are certified to hold petrol and other types of fuel.
In the event of an accident, if your goods are stored in the correct containers, the packaging helps to minimise danger to health and safety.
PROTECTION OF PRODUCTS
As well as proving essential for health and safety reasons, industrial packaging protects products from damage or contamination during storage or transport.
Products that need to be sold in a supermarket, for instance, can be boxed up in industrial standard cardboard boxes that offer protection when they are in transport from the wholesale warehouse to the shop floor.
Industrial chemicals can be transported in UN-approved plastic drums, where they will be protected from contamination. Drum liners can help to avoid any cross-contamination while making the drums reusable, too.
Industrial packaging will prevent liquids from spilling, and it will protect goods from being damaged or broken while they are in transit.
ADVERTISING AND BRANDING
As well as playing a role in health and safety and protecting goods from damage or contamination, industrial packaging plays an important role in advertising and branding.
Just as commercial packaging is branded informing you which products you are buying and from which company, industrial packaging can be similarly designed.
Drums, boxes and containers can all be custom-painted with a company’s colours or labelled with their logos. While in storage or transport, extra branding can be a great opportunity to advertise products or services to potential buyers.
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Industrial packaging is purposefully designed to allow businesses to comply with laws and regulations that govern how industrial goods need to be stored and transported.
It must be UN approved and meet stringent regulations if chemicals, hazardous waste, or any other potentially dangerous goods are stored inside. Many types of packaging, such as plastic drums, have this capability.
If industrial packaging needs to be used for storing foodstuffs, then it must be made from food-grade materials. This prevents any contamination between the materials and the food that is being stored.
Packaging accounts for about half of all worldwide paper consumption
Among the types of packaging paper are all kinds of corrugated cardboard, kraft paper for paper bags and classic brown packaging paper, as well as the cover layers of plasterboard. As a rule, a high portion of recovered paper is common to all of them. They perform important functions in merchandise management: protection from damage during transport and storage, as information carriers or purely for image enhancement.
For this reason, the quality and functionality requirements that packaging paper has to meet differ widely. Generally, worldwide demand for paper, cardboard and paperboard for packaging applications is rising steadily. Nowadays, packaging accounts for about half of all worldwide paper consumption.
At the same time, the industry is facing the challenge of constantly having to adapt packaging papers to current trends in design, ecological compatibility, protective and advertising functions. In the process, numerous conditions have to be considered, such as the suitability and compatibility of the materials for the packaged goods, statutory regulations on hygiene, packaging regulation provisions, marketing aspects, and of course, cost. In this context, we work with our customers to provide tailor-made solutions for each application.

We are experts for packaging paper machines
As a single-source supplier for paper container machine or packaging paper machines, we also focus on efficient and resource-conserving solutions, such as production based on 100 percent recovered paper. By working closely with our customers, we repeatedly achieve breakthroughs in machine speed and grammage. For our customers, this has a clear economic benefit, as more goods can be produced in a shorter time.

Magnetic Flow Meters: How They Work & What Is It
An electromagnetic flow meter is a volumetric flow meter that does not have any moving parts. It is ideal for wastewater applications or any dirty liquid which is conductive or water based. Magnetic flow meters are also ideal for applications where low-pressure drop and low maintenance are required.

Magnetic flow meters will generally not work with hydrocarbons, distilled water, and many non-aqueous solutions.
How does a magnetic flow meter work?
Magnetic flow meters use a magnetic field to generate and channel liquid flow through a pipe. A voltage signal is created when a conductive liquid flows through the flowmeter’s magnetic field. The faster the flow of the fluid, the greater the voltage signal generated. Electrode sensors located on the flow tube walls pick up the voltage signal and send it to the electronic transmitter, which processes the signal to determine liquid flow.
What is the operating principle of a magnetic flow meter?
The operation of a magnetic flow meter or mag meter is based upon Faraday's Law, which states that the voltage induced across any conductor as it moves at right angles through a magnetic field is proportional to the velocity of that conductor.

As applied to the design of magnetic flow meters, Faraday’s Law indicates that signal voltage (E) is dependent on the average liquid velocity (V) the magnetic field strength (B) and the length of the conductor (D) (which in this instance is the distance between the electrodes).
Vortex Flow Meter
A vortex flow meter is a flow measurement device best suited for flow measurements where the introduction of moving parts presents problems. They are available in industrial grade, brass or all plastic construction. Sensitivity to variations in the process conditions are low and with no moving parts have relatively low wear compared to other types of flow meters.

Vortex flow meters operate under the vortex shedding principle, where an oscillating vortexes occur when a fluid such as water flow past a bluff (as opposed to streamlined) body.

The frequency that the vortexes are shed depend on the size and shape of the body. It is ideal for applications where low maintenance costs are important. Industrial size vortex meters are custom built and require appropriate sizing for specific applications.
The Working Principles of Turbine Flow Meters
Turbine flow meters are employed for both lower viscosity gases and liquids with turn down ratios from 7 to 30:1. The use of an appropriate zero drag electronic pick off in place of the standard magnetic type is the reason behind achieving this extended range. The turbine experiences too much extra drag at low fluid velocities due to the standard magnetic type. As a result, the rotational speed is slowed down.
The typical accuracy and repeatability of turbine flow meters are ±0.5% and ±0.1%, respectively. However, it is possible to achieve accuracy of ±0.25% and repeatability of ±0.05%.
Turbine flow meters (Figure 2) are inherently sensitive to Reynolds number. They will not be linear at Reynolds numbers nearing or in the laminar region. Therefore, they should be carefully used in the case of fluids with a broad temperature and viscosity range such as some oils. It is not a problem at constant conditions, but is often hard to achieve practically.
Meter Design
Designing an axial turbine in principal is simple, i.e., putting a propeller in a tube. With years of experience, the basic design has been developed into a relatively complex assembly. The key aspect of any design is keeping the turbine spinning freely. Hence, bearing design and sources of drag within the assembly have been given special focus.
Due to this, it is difficult to make miniature axial turbines as the relative turbine energy is largely negated by the bearing and sensor drags. For rotational efficiency, plain bushes or roller/ball bearings are employed. A ball is generally employed to handle the end thrust. The presence of hydrodynamically designed turbine and bearing supports in some designs creates a low pressure zone in front of the turbine. As a result, the turbine is pulled forward, thus mitigating or removing the end thrust.
The bearing supports lower pressure drop but increases the fluid velocity over the turbine blades. The sensor is typically magnetic and provides a low voltage sine wave output. An electronic pick-up is generally employed for extended flow range, extra accuracy or in the case of operating the flow meter in an electrically noisy environment.
What is an Ultrasonic Flow Meter : Types and Its Applications
The first ultrasonic flow meter was invented by Japanese physicist namely “Shiego Satomura” in the year 1959. This flow meter uses Doppler technology and the main intention of this meter is to deliver the analysis of blood flow. After four years, the earliest flow meters have appeared in industrial applications. At present, there are many manufacturing companies were designing different types of clamp-on flow meters to measure the liquid flow within a pipe. These meters use high-frequency sensors by penetrating throughout the pipe wall as well as the liquid by using Doppler otherwise transit time propagation method. So that fluid velocity and flow rate can be determined.
What is an Ultrasonic Flow Meter?
Definition: An ultrasonic flow meter can be defined as, a meter that is used to measure liquid velocity with ultrasound to analyze the volume of liquid flow. This is a volumetric flow meter that needs bubble or minute particles within the liquid flow. These meters are suitable in the applications of wastewater but they will not work with drinking/distill water. So this type of flow meter is ideal for the applications wherever chemical compatibility, low maintenance, and low-pressure drop are required.
These meters will affect the audio properties of the liquid and also impact through viscosity, density, temperature, etc. Like mechanical flow meters, these meters do not include moving parts. The price of these meters will change greatly so frequently it can be used and maintained at a low cost.
Ultrasonic Flow Meter Working Principle
An ultrasonic flow meter construction can be done by using upstream and downstream transducers, sensor pipe and reflector. The working principle of ultrasonic flow meter is, it uses sound waves to resolve the velocity of a liquid within a pipe. There are two conditions in the pipe like no flow and flowing. In the first condition, the frequencies of ultrasonic waves are transmitted into a pipe & its indications from the fluid are similar. In the second condition, the reflected wave’s frequency is dissimilar because of the Doppler Effect.
Whenever the liquid flows in the pipe quickly, then the frequency shift can be increased linearly. The transmitter processes the signals from the wave & its reflections determine the flow rate. Transit time meters transmit & receive ultrasonic waves in both the directions within the pipe. At no-flow condition, the time taken to flow in between upstream & downstream in between the transducers is the same.
Under these two flowing conditions, the wave at upstream will flow with less speed than the downstream wave. As the liquid flows faster, the distinction between the up & downstream times raises. The times of the upstream & downstream processed by the transmitter to decide the flow rate.
Types of Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Ultrasonic flow meters available in the market are radar, Doppler velocity, ultrasonic clamp-on, and ultrasonic level.
Doppler velocity type meters use reproduced ultrasonic noise to calculate the liquid’s velocity.
Radar type meter employs microwave technology for transmitting small pulses to reflect off a flowing surface back to the sensor for deciding velocity.
Ultrasonic clamp-on type meter is ideal for applications wherever accessing the pipe is difficult otherwise not possible.
Ultrasonic level type meter is ideal for determining the fluid level in both open & closed channels.
Advantages of Ultrasonic Flow Meter
The advantages are
It does not block the path of liquid flow.
The o/p of this meter is different for density, viscosity & temperature of the liquid.
The flow of liquid is bidirectional
The dynamic response of this meter is good.
The output of this meter is in analog form
Conservation of energy
It is appropriate for huge quality flow measurement
It is handy to fit and maintain
Versatility is good
There is no contact to liquid
There is no leakage risk
There are no moving parts, pressure loss
High accuracy
Disadvantages of Ultrasonic Flow Meter
The disadvantages are
It is expensive as compared with other mechanical flow meters.
Design of this meter is complex
Auditory parts of this meter are expensive.
These meters are complicated as compared with other meters, thus it requires specialists for maintaining and repairing these meters
It cannot measure cement or concrete pipes one they rusted.
It doesn’t work once the pipe contains holes or bubbles in it
Can’t measure cement/concrete pipe or pipe with such material lining
Metal tube rotameter and other material flowmeter are used to test the flow parameters of gas or liquid. We have mentioned a lot about the difference between metal tube rotameter and its flowmeter, so we should have a lot of understanding for such a test instrument. However, when using this kind of flowmeter with a float, we will encounter a problem, that is, the pointer of the flowmeter vibrates, so that it is unable to accurately detect the flow.
In the use process of metal tube rotameter, if the site environment is corrosive, acid or alkaline gas will also have a certain corrosion effect on the flowmeter in the air. Rust / rust is a big defect of metal products. Once the article begins to rust, its corrosion will continue, and then it will affect the equipment Very bad. As a metal measuring instrument, metal tube rotameter is easy to rust.
Corrosion will not only affect our use effect, but also affect our service life, so we also need to deal with the corrosion of the surface? So how should we deal with it? This seems to be a problem that users need to understand.
Step or need to start from the usual use of work, that is to say, we should do a good job in the maintenance of the instrument, so as not to make the instrument quickly problems, our use will become more smooth.
And if the beginning of corrosion, then we need to spend a lot of energy to complete the rust treatment work, we can remove its rust surface by cleaning agent. Or solve it in other ways.

The Benefits of Stainless Steel Fittings
Stainless steel is a versatile material that is used in many different applications. The two most common types of stainless steel are austenitic which is highly corrosion resistant and ferritic which is magnetic.

In this blog we are going to break down the basics of what austenitic stainless steel is, the key benefits it provides and where the uses of stainless steel fittings can be most beneficial.

Stainless Steel
All steels have the same basic iron and carbon composition along with nickel, but stainless steel also contains chromium - the alloy that gives stainless steel its well-known corrosion resistance.

Austenitic stainless steel contains high levels of chromium and nickel and low levels of carbon providing a balance of strength, workability and corrosion resistance. The standard stainless steel alloys used in plumbing applications contains between 18-20% chromium and 8-12% nickel, as well as small amounts of carbon 0.08% and manganese 2%. Austenitic stainless steel has the highest corrosion resistance and are the most commonly used type of stainless steel around the world.
Benefits of Stainless Steel Fittings
Stainless steel offers a wide range of benefits to the architect and designer of plumbing systems:

Material Benefits
The combining of corrosion resistance with high strength allows the reduction in wall thickness and weight. Stainless steel is resistant to heat and chemical damage. It can withstand very high flow rates - in excess of 40m/s, making it capable to withstand long-term exposure to the elements in almost any environment.

Environmental Benefits
Stainless steel can be used in all types of water, including drinking water in public supply. It has an excellent resistance to the full range of potable waters, including various chloride levels. At the end of its useful life, stainless steel is fully recyclable and retains a higher residual scrap value than ordinary steel.

Economic Benefits
Stainless steel is low maintenance and requires no additional coating, in both indoor and outdoor applications. The expected lifetime of a stainless steel system is more than 50 years, reducing system down time, replacement and maintenance costs over the life of the installation.

Stainless Steel Fitting Applications
With all the benefits that come with stainless steel there are equally just as many applications where these fittings can be utilized. Here are some key beneficial areas:
Residential & Commercial water systems that are subject to various stresses.
Commercial & Industrial piping systems that are needing to perform well under the toughest and harshest conditions.
Industrial Projects for sanitary or highly corrosive applications.
There are three kinds of marine hydraulic flange standards: asian system represented by Japanese standard, European system represented by German standard and North American system represented by the United States. German standard and American standard varieties are more complete, but in the shipbuilding industry is far less than the use of Japanese standard. The conventional flange of JIS is more popular, while the hydraulic flange is not separate into a system, commonly used only 210 Kgf /cm2, 280 Kgf /cm2 and 350 Kgf /cm2 three specifications.
For a long time, high pressure marine hydraulic flange has few specifications, high price, long delivery time and other problems in the market. Considering that the number of hydraulic flanges required throughout the ship is not much. Some shipyards with machining ability often manufacture high-pressure hydraulic flanges by themselves. This paper mainly discusses the basic points of marine hydraulic flange design and gives a design example.

Marine flange design
There are many methods for marine flange design, such as bach method based on material mechanics, waters method based on elastic analysis by TY8100 method, and analysis method based on plastic limit load, etc. These methods are too cumbersome and complicated for engineering applications. Based on the JIS hydraulic flange standard, this paper explores a design method suitable for shipyards.
What components make up a full hose assembly?
When looking at a full hose assembly, it is basically a length of hose with a properly attached fitting on each end. Robert J. Koehler, Sr. Training Specialist at Eaton Corporation, explained that a hose assembly is composed of the hose and the end fittings, which are determined by the application in which the hose assembly is going to be placed.
Hydraulic hoses have three major components, he said, which include the following:
Tube: The tube is the inner-most portion of the hose. Its role is to convey the media from one end of the hose to the other and protect the outside from the media or fluid being conveyed.
Reinforcement: The reinforcement is the strength of the hose and comes in a variety of types, including braided, spiral and helical.
Cover: The cover is designed to protect the reinforcement and tube from the outside environment.
“Each of these three components plays an important role to allow the hose to work in a variety of environments,” Koehler added. “These hoses are designed to meet different specifications and requirements that arise with the different environments where hoses will be installed.”
“Fittings are usually made of metal, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, brass and so on. Within these fittings there are two major components,” he continued.
Fitting components are comprised of the following:
Socket: The socket is the portion of the fitting that goes over the outer cover.
Stem: The stem is the portion of the fitting that goes directly into the I.D. of the inner tube of the hose. It extends out of the hose and into the connecting end. The connecting end of the fitting is the portion of the fitting that allows the hose to connect to other components.
Hydraulic Hose Definition
A hydraulic hose conveys hydraulic fluid to or between hydraulic components. Components include valves, tools, and actuators. Hydraulic hose is usually flexible and reinforced.
Hose is often made up of several layers of reinforcement. This is necessary because hydraulic systems operate at high pressures.
Needless to say, hydraulic hoses are essential parts of any hydraulic system. The hoses are flexible enough to bend around corners and fit in tight spaces. They can also stretch over long distances.
What is Hydraulic Hose Made Of?
Hydraulic hoses are often constructed of multiple materials. The most common materials are fluoropolymers and silicone, elastomers, metal, and thermoplastics. Composite or laminated materials are also common.
Rubber and elastomeric hydraulic hose is a strong choice when you need flexibility. Fluoropolymer hose has a durable flex life as well. It also has excellent corrosion and chemical resistance, and it can handle high temperatures.
Thermoplastic hydraulic hose has a tight minimum bend radius. It also features superior resistance to kinks. Metal hoses handle high temperatures and high flow materials well.
They can also handle high pressures. Finally, they can be flexible or stiff.
Flexible hoses are easy to install and route compared to rigid tubing. The flexibility reduces noise and vibrations. It also dampens pressure surges and allows for movement between the parts.
Hydraulic Hose Construction
Most hydraulic hose consists of three main parts. They have an inner tube to carry the fluid. Next is a reinforcement layer, followed by a protective outer layer.
The inner tube is flexible and compatible with the fluid it will carry. A common compound is a combination of synthetic rubber, thermoplastics, and PTFE (Teflon).
The reinforcement layer has multiple sheaths. The sheaths include spiral-wound wire, braided wire, or textile yarn. The outer layer is often resistant to abrasion, oil, or weather, depending on its intended use.
What are the components of a hydraulic hose assembly?
The hydraulic system definition is that which transmits pressurised hydraulic fluid within a mechanical system. Hydraulic hose assembly includes the hose and its fittings. There are different types of hydraulic hoses, but they all have the same components:
What are hydraulic hoses made of?
Hydraulic tube material typically includes a thermoplastic, synthetic rubber and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to resist corrosion and chemical impact. The thermoplastics used are often polyamide, polyester and even fluoropolymers, which has a high resistance to solvents, acids, and bases.
Hydraulic hose fittings
There are different types of hose fittings. Their purpose is to connect hoses securely to your hydraulic system’s components, such as valves, cylinders and pumps. It’s the fittings that help hold and direct the flow of fluid, maintaining the pressure while preventing leaks.
Fittings consist of the same two components. The hydraulic hose socket, along with the stem, mate the hoses. The socket goes over the hose cove while the stem fits into the tube’s inner tube. The stem extends out from the hose and acts as a connector for equipment to attach to.

How a Car Battery Starts a Car
The first purpose of an auto battery is to provide power for starting your vehicle. It also acts as a surge protector for the car's computer and provides power for short-term use of things like lights, stereo, GPS or wipers when the engine is off.
The car battery is part of the starting system. There are three main components in this system:

The switch controls the starter relay (also called a solenoid). When you turn the ignition, it sends a small electrical current to the starter relay. This causes a pair of contacts to close.

When those contacts close, the battery sends voltage to the starter motor, which turns some gears to start the car.
What Are Cold Cranking Amps?
Cold cranking amps (CCA) refers to the amount of power a battery can supply for 30 seconds even at low temperatures. Larger engines require more power to start, as does starting the car for the first time on a cold day.
A high CCA rating is important for standard auto batteries in areas with subzero temperatures, since deeply discharged wet cell batteries can freeze solid in such weather.
How the Car Battery Recharges
The alternator is responsible for recharging your car battery as you drive. This part also supplies power for your car’s electronics when you're underway. It is driven by the alternator belt from the engine. As the belt goes around, it generates electrical current to run your vehicle's electronics. It also sends some current back to the battery to recharge it.
A voltage regulator controls this flow of electricity to keep it even and deliver the right amount of charge to meet needs like running the AC or heater. It also protects the battery from overcharging, which can damage it.
Why Does My Battery Die?
Over the life of a battery, discharge-recharge reactions happen thousands of times. Each cycle wears out the plates a bit, and over time the lead deteriorates. As your car battery loses capacity, cold cranking amps decrease.
Deep discharging, which happens when you use the battery to run the stereo, lights or other electrical systems in your car when the engine is off, is responsible for a good portion of battery failures. Discharging most of your battery's capacity by using it in this manner for too long and then recharging it through driving can cause the sulfur in the electrolyte solution to stick to the lead and create other damage to the plates in the battery.
What Are the Different Types of Auto Battery?
The two most common auto batteries for sale today are standard wet cell batteries and absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries. Both use lead-acid technology. The differences are in the needs of the car.
Standard Wet Cell Batteries
These are also called flooded, conventional or SLI (starting, lights, ignition) batteries. Some standard batteries have vents that allow for airing out corrosive gases, steam, and condensation (these may be called vented batteries). They have removable caps for adding fluid. Other wet cell batteries are closed systems, with no removable caps.
Service needs: Occasional simple maintenance including cleaning off corrosion on terminals and topping off the fluid with distilled water if the battery has removable caps. The battery should be visually checked every year. Battery charge should be checked before road trips and after summer before temperatures fall.
Lithium ion power battery the lives of millions of people each day. From laptops and cell phones to hybrids and electric cars, this technology is growing in popularity due to its light weight, high energy density, and ability to recharge.

THE BASICS
A battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current collectors (positive and negative). The anode and cathode store the lithium. The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the separator. The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector. The electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, etc.) to the negative current collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.
CHARGE/DISCHARGE
While the battery is discharging and providing an electric current, the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other. When plugging in the device, the opposite happens: Lithium ions are released by the cathode and received by the anode.
What Is a Car Generator?
The Car Generator utilizes a car’s alternator to supply power to external appliances like a home furnace, refrigerator, or lights.
The Benefits of a Car Generator
The obvious benefit of using a Car Generator is that it can create 1,000W of power when needed. And because the power is coming from a car battery while its engine is running, there’s less noise and lower emissions compared to a typical gas generator. Plus, the Car Generator actually uses less fuel.
Most vehicle engines can handle long periods of idling without detriment to the auto. And as long as there’s gasoline in the tank of the vehicle, the Car Generator can transfer its power to external appliances. So, with a full tank, most users can expect 50 to 80 hours of electrical power.
The Disadvantages of a Car Generator
There are a few drawbacks to consider, however, when using a Car Generator. If, for instance, a load of over 1,000W is put on the system, damage may occur to the vehicle’s alternator. 1000W will require about 90 to 100 amps off the alternator which most can put out without problem. The problem comes when this load is used for extended periods of time. This can overheat the alternator and melt internal windings. This means that you must take care when accumulating several appliances on the electrical line.
For example, most air conditioners require more power than this device can support, as do microwaves and other high heating appliances, so check their wattage requirements before using.
The other consideration may be the wear and tear on the existing vehicle from long idling times. Regularly maintain your auto before taxing its extended running capabilities.
With the development of electric vehicle electronic control unit (ECU) for vehicle control technology and the key to raise the level of design electric vehicles the optimization control of the vehicle performance as direction. In order to achieve the rational, coordination of vehicles within the system of integrated control, based on the modular thought, through constructing the distributed control network design overall structure of the control system of pure electric vehicle, the vehicle controller is analyzed on the working principle and its function realization degree, as a pure electric vehicle control system provides the theory basis for performance evaluation.
The development of manufacturing and management, technologies over the previous decade has transformed the automotive industry. The engine management system is undoubtedly one of the most intelligent systems in today’s automobile. The purpose of this paper is to design and simulate an automotive engine management system. Based on a PIC development board, we design and implement engine control functions which include an ignition system, acceleration, deceleration, emergency brakes, hand brakes, speed, and distance travelled. The C language is chosen for the development of PIC microcontroller. Results have shown and proven the success of the proposed system.
Automotive electronics technologies such as autonomous driving, all-electric cars, and in-car infotainment are the new trends in the automotive industry. Automotive vehicles are transforming into the “ultimate electronic devices.” Automotive electronics are predicted to constitute near a third of the total cost of the entire car. The automotive transformations give rise to new features and challenges including (i) autonomous driving (ii) all-electric cars with extreme high power, and (iii) high-speed and secure communications and infotainment.
In recent years, vehicle sensor improvements have led to increasingly advanced autonomous driving technologies that enable higher awareness and visibility. The special advanced features in the vehicle include adaptive cruise control, park assistance, lane-keep assistance, pedestrian detection, and traffic-sign recognition summarizes automotive electronics technology into five main categories as shown. In all five categories, an increasing number of electronics from different function sections are integrated into complex electronic systems. These electronic systems often address multiple categories simultaneously. The transition from mechanical systems to electronic systems in the automotive platform requires both higher electrical signal performance and mechanically reliable electronic packaging

All About Sewing Machines
Prior to the invention of sewing machines, clothes and other materials were sewn by hand. Hand sewing is an art form that was practiced over 20,000 years ago. During those days, sewing needles made of bone or animal horns and thread made of animal sinew were used. In the beginning of 14th century, iron needles were invented and later in the 15th century eyed needles were introduced.

It is believed that the first known attempt for a workable sewing machine was framed in 1790 by Thomas Saint. In 1800, sewing machine was invented and by the mid-nineteenth century it became popular among the public. After Thomas Saint, various attempts were made for inventing a sewing machine. But, all of them turned unsuccessful.

In 1830, Barthlemy Thimonnier-a French tailor- came out with the first functional sewing machine. It used only one thread and a hooked needle for a chain stitch. Later in 1834, Walter Hunt came with an idea for double-thread sewing machine and it was regarded as America's first successful sewing machine. The machine devised by Walter Hunt was a straight-seam sewing machine that used reciprocating eye-pointed needle and an oscillating shuttle.

Following Walter Hunt, Elias Howe developed a machine which had the same features as that of Hunt's sewing machine. After Elias Howe, Isaac Merit Singer patented a similar machine and was regarded as the first commercially successful machine. Singer's machine included a straight eye-pointed needle and transverse shuttle, a table to support the cloth horizontally, a vertical presser foot to hold the material against the upward stroke of the needle, and an overhanging arm to hold the presser foot. Instead of a hand crank, Singer's machine used a foot treadle similar to that of a spinning wheel. Helen Augusta Blanchard, Allen Wilson, John Bradshaw, Charles Miller, and James Edward Allen Gibbs were the other contributors who produced a remarkable framework for sewing machines.

Types of Sewing Machines

There are three types of sewing machines- mechanical sewing machines, electronic sewing machines, and computerized sewing machines. Since their introduction in 1800 till 1960's, all sewing machines were mechanical. Mechanical sewing machines are controlled by a rotary wheel. They have knobs and dials to make changes in the tension or the length or width of the stitch.

Lockstitch sewing machines make use of a hook and a bobbin thread to create stitch patterns, whereas chain stitch machines use a looper to form stitches. One of the major drawbacks of chain stitching is that it is very weak and the stitch can easily be pulled apart. In addition to lock stitching and chain stitching machines, there are blind stitch and buttonhole-and-button-sewing machines that use a spreader to create stitches.

Mechanical sewing machines are less expensive and are the simplest type of sewing machine in terms of build. Bernina 1008, Kenmore 11101, Singer 6038, Elna 2005, Kenmore Mini, Kenmore 15212, and Sears Kenmore 15218 are some of the mechanical sewing machines available in the market.
By the year 1970, electronic sewing machines became popular. There are more features in an electronic sewing machine than in a mechanical sewing machine. Instead of turning knobs or dials, electronic sewing machines use button to adjust length or width of the stitch. Electronic sewing machines have motors; each one is assigned with a specific task and is run by electricity. Singer 7442, Singer 7462, Singer CE-100 Futura, Elna 3230, and Janome Decor Excel 5124 are some instances of electronic sewing machines.

Another type is the computerized sewing machine, which is very fast and easy to use. Computerized sewing machines are similar to electronic sewing machines. They use the same chips and stepper motors that are used in electronic machines. Besides, they posses a microprocessor which helps the sewing machine to accept new information in a card form and create stitching patterns based on the information loaded in the card. Singer CE-200 Quantum Futura, Singer Quantum XL-6000, Brother SE270D, and Janome 8080 are some examples of computerized sewing machine.
Vintage Sewing Machines

Sewing machine is one of the key inventions that have helped to shape the modern world. There are many popular vintage sewing machines. Most popular vintage sewing machine companies trading over the Internet are Bradbury, Singer, Jones, Frister and Rossmann.

Vintage sewing machines are both collectible and usable. Old sewing machines are still popular because they are well-engineered, well-made workhorses. The value of a vintage sewing machine is great. There are a number of variables involved in determining the value of an old sewing machine; they are condition and completeness of the machine, rarity of the machine and geographic location of the machine.

Most vintage sewing machines date back to the beginning of the 1900's. Most of them are still very popular. Singer machine models 301A, 221 Featherweight and 66 are the popular vintage sewing machines. Of these, the Singer Featherweight 221 is a classic model manufactured by the company between 1933 and 1964. It is a 'collectible' of the first order and is featured on many Web pages which cater to antique sewing machine collectors.

Vintage sewing machines can be bought from stores or antique shops. Some suppliers of vintage sewing machines offer certificates of guarantee, or even warranties.

Before buying a vintage machine, check for authenticity and buy only from trustworthy sellers. Online auctions are dangerous places to buy expensive vintage sewing machines. As buyers don't know anything about the seller, they may cheat in the course of dealing. There are many helpful sites on the Internet providing relevant information about vintage sewing machines. EBay is popular among vintage sewing machine collectors.

Many individuals are now using vintage sewing machines as decorative pieces at home. They may be well-placed in a hallway, entryway, or a family room to showcase the beautiful craftsmanship. So if you possess a vintage sewing machine, take good care of it by consulting an antique dealer to find out the proper way to clean and maintain it. Vintage sewing machines are always an asset for future generations.
Choosing the right concrete mixer
A concrete mixer is a machine that homogeneously mixes cement, aggregates such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A concrete mixer uses a rotating drum to mix the components. For small jobs, mobile concrete mixers are often used to make the concrete on the construction site and give workers enough time to use it before it hardens.
The Makeup Of An Excavator
The anatomy of an excavator is made up of a boom, dipper (or stick) and bucket. These pieces connect to a cab that sits on a rotating house. Most houses can rotate a full 360 degrees. Excavators are available with either tracks or wheels depending on the manufacturer and what the nature of a project is.
Excavators are available in a variety of sizes and can weigh up to 180,000 lbs. There are many other attachments for excavators that can take the place of the digging bucket to diversify the machine. By swapping out the bucket for an auger, drill, ripper or rake the excavator can be used for many different jobs.
Choosing the Right Excavator for The Job
The best way to choose what excavator rental is needed for your project is to assess what exactly you need the machine to do. Identifying the right size of excavator, what attachments are needed and how long you need the rental for will help you determine the best machine for your job. It is more efficient for a job to rent the right size equipment for what is needed instead of trying to make one piece fit for a variety of jobs.
To the uninitiated, tillers and cultivators may sound like two terms for the same thing --as if the words were completely interchangeable. The fact is they’re not. Though they are similar in design and concept, they are quite different and are intended for two specific purposes.
Essentially, a tiller is the larger of the two and is used primarily during the beginning of the year to prepare new gardens for the growing season. Tillers are often used at the end of the year, as well, to mix all leftover vegetation into the soil for decomposition. Tillers generally dig deep --up to 8 inches of soil can be churned.
Only once the plants have begun to sprout does a cultivator begin to do its job. Cultivating is defined as loosening the soil around growing plants. A cultivator does just that. Cultivators do not churn as deeply as tillers and are often used between rows; keeping the weeds at bay while helping to aerate the soil. This way, the plants benefit from loose soil, which allows more water and fertilizer to get to their roots. By keeping the weeds’ growth down they won’t be able to rob your plants of water and nutrients.
If your gardening space is less than 100 sq. ft., you may be able to use a cultivator in place of a tiller to prepare the soil for planting as well as cultivating during the growing season, thus avoiding the need for two pieces of equipment. For a job larger than that however, the tiller/cultivator combination works best.
If you plan on tilling once a year, then renting may be your best option. The cost of purchasing a tiller, in addition to maintaining and storing one, can be much higher than simply picking one up at your local rental dealer, using it and returning it when you are finished.
What Is a Trencher? Trenchers are pieces of earthmoving equipment that use a metal chain with teeth made of high-strength steel to rip into the ground like a chainsaw would into a tree. Similar to an excavator, a trencher rips up the soil and any roots in the way to create a trench.

Wet wipes: keeping them out of our seas
Fatbergs – those revolting sewer mountains made of wet wipes, grease and other gunk – have been cropping up all over the place in the past year or so, from London and Cardiff to Staffordshire and Devon.
As well as causing trouble in wastewater systems, wipes can find their way into oceans. Along with other types of plastic pollution, they can cause long-term problems for sea creatures and the marine environment.
Wet wipes made up more than 90% of the material causing sewer blockages ? that Water UK investigated in 2017.
Friends of the Earth commissioned a report from research group Eunomia, Reducing Household Contributions to Marine Plastic Pollution [PDF]. This reveals our everyday habits that result in all sorts of plastics getting into our seas. Sometimes from seemingly unlikely sources, such as wet wipes.
What's so wrong with wet wipes?
Millions of us have grabbed a wet wipe to clean our hands, faces, worktops, children, and almost everything else at some point. What harm can it do, we might think – they’re only little squares of wet tissue. Aren’t they?
But now people are realising that wet wipes, like so many other everyday throwaway items, contain plastic, and aren’t so harmless after all.
Three particular stories in the past year have highlighted the growing concerns over wet wipes.
Baby wipes are essential for keeping your baby fresh, clean, moisturized, and comfortable between baths.
But not all baby wipes are created equal, which is why we put so much time into finding the best baby wipes every year!
In this article, we dive into the details to teach you over a dozen important facts about baby wipes, including how they're made, ingredients, textures, cleaning effectiveness, and disposal.
What are Baby Wipes?
Baby wipes are pre-moistened towelettes designed to effectively clean and soothe a baby's skin during diaper changes.
They are usually dispensed single-serve in thin rectangular sheets made from cotton, bamboo, polyester, and other non-woven blends. Importantly, baby wipes use sensitive ingredients to avoid irritating your baby's skin, and usually contain at least one moisturizing and soothing ingredient.
For these reasons, baby wipes are perfect for cleaning both number 1 (urine) and number 2 (poop) off your baby's private parts.
How are Baby Wipes Made?
Most baby wipes are made from cotton, polyester, bamboo, or a nonwoven blend of multiple fibers that are saturated with water, oil, cleansers, and preservatives.
Instead of using a time-consuming fabric weaving process, baby wipe manufacturers use a non-woven fabrication process (similar to how dryer sheets are made).
Here are the typical steps involved in making baby wipes:
Raw ingredients such as cotton, polyester, viscose, cellulose, polypropylene, and bamboo fibers are blended together in giant vats of wet mixture.
Short and long bonds are created between the fibers using chemicals, heat, and/or force, causing them to stick together.
These fiber mixtures are then flattened, spun, and dried, and rolled into spools resembling giant paper towel rolls (see image below).
These rolls are then sent into large industrial machines that cut, shape, saturate (with the wet ingredients), fold, and package the wipes.
Alcohol Wipes for Both Everyday Cleaning and Critical Applications
For many organizations, presaturated wipes are the ideal mix of form and function. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) wipes are commonly used for degreasing, cleaning off fingerprints, removing flux residues, and even disinfecting hard surfaces.
Alcohol wipes generally come packaged in pop-up tubs where the wipes are pulled up from the top, plastic boxes, or pouches that reduce linting caused by wipe perforations. They can even come individually wrapped, which is perfect for field maintenance.
Isopropyl alcohol presaturated wipes can be used in a wide variety of applications:
Cleaning optical surfaces
Cleaning fiber optic connectors and fusion splicers
Cleaning computer keyboards
Cleaning and applying ESD treatments to display screens
Removing oil, dust, and other contaminants
Cleaning and protecting sensitive contact surfaces

What is Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)?
Isopropyl alcohol (also referred to as CAS #67-63-0, IPA, isopropanol and 2-propanol) dissolves a wide range of polar and non-polar soils, including light oils, fingerprints, cutting fluids, flux residues, carbon deposits, and mold release.
For electronic printed circuit board (PCB) assembly, isopropyl alcohol is used to clean flux residues from recently soldered circuit boards and in both PCB repair and rework. IPA is also used to remove solder paste and adhesive from SMT stencils. Maintenance cleaning with isopropyl alcohol is common for removing caked-on and burnt-on flux from SMT reflow ovens, wave soldering fingers, selective soldering nozzles, pallets, and anywhere else flux tends to collect in automated soldering processes.

What Are the Common Concentrations of Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)?
Isopropyl alcohol is available in a variety of dilutions. These dilutions are characterized by the amount of water in each solution. Isopropyl alcohol is hydrophilic or water miscible, so it readily accepts water into an azeotropic solution. When you see “70% isopropyl alcohol” on the label, it refers to the amount of alcohol in relation to the amount of dissolved water – i.e. 70% alcohol to 30% water. Water can be removed to form purer grades of isopropyl alcohol, forming what is called “anhydrous” isopropyl alcohol.
Whether IPA has 0.2% or 50% water has little effect on the look and smell of the material, but greatly impacts surface tension (its ability to wet), and its dry time. The more water isopropyl alcohol contains, the greater the surface tension. With a higher surface tension, you run the risk of the liquid beading up as it dries, which can lead to spotting. “Water spots” are particularly problematic when cleaning mirrors, lenses, and other optics.
The dry time is greatly increased as the percentage of water in the alcohol solution is increased. This can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the application. For example, isopropyl alcohol is often used as a flux remover to remove flux residues from around solder joints. Technicians tend to prefer a fast dry time so they can clean the electronics and bring them back into service as quickly as possible.
For breaking down and removing thick, gummy, or baked-on materials where more dwell or soak time is required, slowing down the dry time often improves the cleaning effectiveness. This is one of the reasons that 70% pure isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for both degreasing and SMT stencil cleaning. In the case of electrical contact cleaning, the faster evaporation helps ensure that flammable solvent is gone before energizing the equipment.
WHAT ARE ANTIBACTERIAL WIPES?

Simply put, antibacterial wipes are pre-moistened towelettes that contain a sanitizing or disinfecting formula that kill or reduce germs on surfaces and skin. They’re often packaged in convenient containers designed to easily use one wipe at a time.
Antibacterial wipes are easier to use than sprays and towels because of their simple, one-step design. Additionally, cleaning with a contaminated towel can spread germs and bacteria to an uncontaminated surface. When used properly, wipes help to eliminate this problem.
CLEANING FORMULA

Beware, all wipes are not formulated the same. You should always be conscious of any ingredients that are toxic, could damage the surfaces you’ll be cleaning, or pose a threat to human health. It’s important to always look for antibacterial wipes that are EPA registered and/or FDA approved.
Taking this one step further, different wipes will list different kill claims and you should always reference the pathogens that a wipe can kill based on your unique business needs. Many state and national regulations require EPA registered and/or FDA approved formulas to be used in public settings. This is because these products are put through extensive testing and scrutiny before earning a seal of approval, and are proven to deliver on their claims.
MATERIAL
Antibacterial wipes can be made of several materials, ranging from non-woven cellulose (thin and prone to leaving fibers on surfaces) to recyclable non-woven polyester and polypropylene wipes (with mid-level durability), to biodegradable fabrics ranging in quality and thickness.
WHAT ANTIBACTERIAL WIPES DO
After answering your question, “What are antibacterial wipes?”, you may also be curious about what they do.
When applied to surfaces, equipment, and skin, antibacterial wipes decrease or completely eradicate the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that dwell on them. To effectively sanitize or disinfect a surface, the item being wiped typically has to remain wet for a specific time. This is known as the Dwell Time.
So, on average, what is the recommended Dwell Times for antibacterial wipes?
This will vary from formula to formula. The wipes will be tested in a laboratory environment over many trials to determine how long the solution must be in contact with harmful organisms to kill them. These wipes kill pathogens when they are wet. Most EPA-registered sanitizers need between two to ten minutes to sanitize or disinfect a surface.
We’ve all wondered if dog wipes are safe for our pets and if they even work. For years, I rolled my eyes at dog wipes. I was convinced it was a waste of money and harmful to the environment. Then, I saw dog bath wipes on sale at my local salon and decided to try them. I’m still on the fence.
Dog Wipes Do Have a Purpose
Pet wipes are not a substitute for a good dog bath. I want to make that super clear. However, you can use dog bath wipes for quick cleanups. Dog wipes work well on surface dirt, or dirt floating on top of your dog’s coat. They’re also helpful for cleaning small areas, such as dirty paws or mud on your dog’s muzzle. In short, dog wipes are great for spot cleaning.
By far, dog wipes are mostly used for wiping dirty paws clean after a romp in the yard. It’s also a good idea to wipe your dog’s paws down after a walk in the park. You never know what his feet may have come into contact with. If you don’t wipe off his feet, his paws will track inside your home.
Dog bath wipes are an excellent choice if someone is allergic to dog dander. Weekly baths with a gentle shampoo is a must, but daily wipe downs with dog wipes are smart because they’ll remove outdoor allergens from your dog’s coat, which usually causes a reaction for most allergy prone people.

What are the advantages of acrylic bottles?
A good product must have good packaging. There are many packaging forms in our market, and today I will talk about the packaging of the acrylic bottle in the packaging.
It is a material that combines the two properties of plastic bottles and glass bottles in our previous bottle packaging. It provides an effective guarantee for the rapid development of our packaging industry, and also fills in the gap that some products in the domestic packaging industry cannot be packaged. It can basically meet the needs of the domestic market, and some products are still exported. One of the major advantages of this pressure bottle material is that it can be further processed. The previous bottle packaging would not be based on customer requirements, but this acrylic bottle can now meet this requirement, as long as you can think of it, we can now complete it.
Acrylic packaging bottles for cosmetic containers have good transparency, light transmittance of more than 92%, good anti-aging performance, and can be used at ease outdoors. Acrylic packaging bottles have a wide range of varieties, rich colors, and good comprehensive performance. Provides diversified options, which can be dyed, and the surface can be painted, silk screened or vacuum coated.
Acrylic bottle is actually an organic material that combines acrylic and methacrylic materials. This material not only functions as a glass bottle but also a plastic bottle. It embodies the functions of both On the pressure bottle, its effect is also very obvious. It has good transparency, more aging resistance than ordinary bottles, light weight, strong resistance to chipping, and good insulation. The important thing is that it is resistant to corrosive things such as acids and alkalis. The shape can also be processed to become beautiful. If it is used in the field of cosmetics, it would be suitable, and its production has been well represented nationwide.
In the field of cosmetic bottle packaging, cosmetic plastic containers and acrylic bottles are widely used in the packaging of high-end creams, lotions and other cosmetics, and are well received by the market. Acrylic bottle not only has the characteristics of plastic: drop resistance, light weight, easy coloring, easy processing, low cost, etc., but also has the characteristics of glass bottle with beautiful appearance and high-quality texture. It allows cosmetics manufacturers to use the cost of plastic bottles to obtain the appearance of glass bottles, but also has the advantages of resistance to falling and easy to transport.
Impact of Shower Products
So how big is our plastics problem in our bathrooms? For context, in the United States alone, 550 million empty shampoo bottles are thrown away each year. This figure does not include conditioner, body wash, or other bathing products -just shampoo bottles. Compounding this problem is the fact that only a fraction of these bottles are recycled. Instead, most end up directly into our rubbish bins. Most people don’t keep separate recycling bins in their bathroom, so empty plastic containers from the bathroom tend to miss out on recycling. With the average American using 11 bottles of shampoo a year, these large, bulky plastic containers are a significant contributor to many households’ annual waste.
In the United States alone, 550 million empty shampoo bottles are thrown away each year.
Shampoo or Bottle of Water?
Would you like some shampoo with your bottle of water? Yes, you read that correctly - the majority of your shampoos and conditioners are water, with only about 10% being actual products. When cleaning products changed from solid bars to liquids, water was added and thus creating the need to be stored in a plastic container. While shampoo bottles are not quite single-use plastic bottles, they are not far off.
In addition to the plastic waste produced by the bottles, the increased carbon footprint also needs to be considered. Larger and heavier bottles that need to be shipped create a bigger carbon footprint than lighter weight smaller bars and solid products.
These shower gel bottles and shampoo bottles are made entirely of soap for a zero waste alternative.

We are all looking for brilliant solutions to fight plastic pollution. A Berlin-based product designer came up with the concept of a zero waste soap bottle as a clever alternative to the plastic ones. Plastic pollution is indeed a serious matter and it’s actually one of the biggest environmental issues of our time. Some food brands are embracing the use of eco-friendly packaging alternatives such as paper packaging and banana leaves. But we can’t say the same for toiletries and cosmetic products. Every year, an individual uses 11 bottles of shower gel and 10 bottles of shampoo on average. And where do these plastic bottles end up? Most of them end up on landfills and can blow away so, they make their way to drains and they even clutter rivers and the ocean.
In order to reduce the harmful accumulation of plastic waste in the environment, Jonna Breitenhuber created a new kind of bottle. This ingenious packaging is entirely made of soap that can hold liquid such as shower gel and shampoo. And when you’ve used up its content, you can use the bottle as a body soap or detergent. No waste.

A customised creation in hand wash bottles
Companies seeking even greater stand-out shelf appeal for their hand wash turn to Robinson for its innovative and diligent approach to manufacturing custom-made packaging.
With our heritage in plastic packaging, we are trusted to transform designs, bringing them to market with speed of execution, and being highly responsive in integrating new technologies into existing processes. Our expert team have either worked closely with or in FMCGs and other leading brands. It’s this in-depth understanding of the needs of large companies, married with our agility as a smaller business, that means we are impressively fast paced in helping our customers sprint to market.
One example of our custom creations is our 500ml hand wash PET bottle with pump. While it is produced at our Minsk plant in Poland, one of the benefits of our European-wide operation is that we can draw on support as and when needed from our design and technical teams in Europe and the UK.
As is the case with all our customers’ projects, we applied robust project management to the entire process, from stakeholder meetings to discuss the initial concept, to regular consultation and the creation of a range of solutions to put to key decision makers.
Opting for a single-stage injection stretch blow moulding (ISBM) process enabled the creation of a highly attractive bottle, incorporating perfectly rounded contours.
ISBM is primarily used to manufacture products where uniform shape or wall thickness is particularly important. It combines the benefits of two technologies in one: the highest neck precision which can be partnered with blow moulding’s extensive possibilities in shaping. It also ensures high breakage resistance and is a process comparatively low in cost.
Our knowhow in such projects extends, of course, to our choice of materials.
The detritus that we leave in our glowy-skinned, bouncy-haired wake is immense. It contributes in no small part to the fact that by the middle of this century — that's not as far away as you think — the ocean may contain more plastic by weight than fish. (Maybe you even ate some recently: A quarter of fish sold at markets in California and Indonesia, for example, has been found to contain human-made debris — either plastic or fibrous materials.) The amount of end-of-life plastic packaging, which includes bottles, jars, bags, and "other," surrounding U.S. products has increased by over 120 times since 1960. In 2018, in the U.S. alone, almost 7.9 billion units of rigid plastic were created just for beauty and personal care products, according to Euromonitor International. "But we recycle," you say? Sadly, not so much.
Twenty years ago, as a wee beauty editor, I would thrill at the crinkle of cellophane as I opened a new face cream, and the excitement would mount as I pulled back layers of cardboard. Oh, and look — a tiny spoon. Today, those trappings feel superfluous. And worse: irresponsible. I can no longer look at a plastic tub without imagining it bobbing on the high seas. Enough already with all the packaging.

Rumblings of change have begun. The L'Ore?al Group says it will source up to 50 percent of its packaging from recycled material by 2025. Procter & Gamble has a program that puts Pantene in refillable containers, and Unilever's Dove has created its first-ever refillable deodorant. Brands like Burt's Bees are creating their own mail-back recycling programs.

Hallo zusammen,

hat jemand einen Bausparvertrag und kann mir sagen, wo ich mich umschauen kann?

LG!

How does an hourglass measure time?
The sand timer hourglass is sometimes referred to as a sand clock or a sandglass. Like other timepieces, it needs to be carefully calibrated. The hourglass maker must test the instrument and fine tune it to measure the correct length of time.
There are many factors that contribute to the ability of an hourglass to accurately measure time. The type and quality of sand is key. It must have a rate of flow that does not fluctuate. Sand that is too coarse will wear away the glass, eventually making the neck too large. Most important is the ratio of the neck (the hole, or tube) width to the diameter of the sand particles.
Here are the other factors that affect the accuracy of an hourglass:
The amount or volume of sand used
The size and angle of the glass bulbs
The quality of the sand or granular material. It must be fine, dry and consistently formed so it can flow smoothly. (Some substances used in the past were fine grain sand, powdered eggshells, and powdered marble.)
The width of the neck
A tight seal so no moisture can get into the chambers. Moisture can add weight to the sand or clog up the neck.
A flat and level surface on which to rest the hourglass
Like a foam roller, a massage ball can also be used to help release tension in our achy muscles after long hours spent in the office or after a workout. One of the differences being that it can get to those hard to reach areas such as the upper back, buttocks and feet. “Knots” or “trigger points” can be massive sources of pain in our bodies and using self-massage techniques can be very satisfying. Before diving in, there are a few important things to know which will help you achieve the best results.
Why a massage ball
Massage balls are affordable and small and therefore they can easily fit into a suitcase or handbag to use wherever you go. They also promote self-sufficiency so there is no need to rely on anyone else. Notwithstanding, it does not always give the same results as a traditional massage delivered by an experienced therapist
Find the right ball
There are many different types of massage balls ranging from very smooth and firm like a lacrosse ball to small and soft like a squash ball. Other balls include a tennis ball and the trusty spikey massage ball. To each his own but if you’re new to using a massage ball, perhaps start with a spikey ball or a tennis ball.
Where and when
Since they are so conveniently easy to use, you can use them almost anywhere for example against a wall, the back of a chair, on the floor or use your hands. Some office workers keep them at their desks as a reminder to use them during the day to help with releasing built-up muscle tension from poor posture or stress.
How
Start with only a few knots at a time, the most painful area being first. The idea is to trap the knot in the muscle with the ball and apply gently to medium pressure until the painful sensation has faded. Once you have the correct spot (and you will know when), hold it there and try to relax until only about 80% of the ache remains. When pressing too firmly, the sensation can be too painful for you to relax which defeats the purpose of using the massage ball in the first place, it could also potentially irritate the area. You are looking for a “good pain”.Roll the ball around to look for more tender spots or just enjoy gently going back and forth over the tight muscle. If you feel the muscle needs it, you can repeat it twice a day. After releasing the knot, follow it up with gentle stretches to the same muscle. It’s okay to lightly exercise the muscle afterward but avoid fatiguing it for 24 hours.
“The Crown Jewels for Collectors” — that’s what Paul Hollister wrote about fine glass paperweights. He was one of the foremost scholars of 17th to 19th century glass studies, glass paperweights, and contemporary studio art glass. Paperweights are considered the most collectable of 19th century glass items, and also the most challenging of the glass arts to make. Fine glass paperweights are, indeed, rare treasures.
Most antique paperweights of quality were made by one of three French factories, as a sideline, for just 10-15 years in the mid-1800s. It’s estimated that only about 25,000-30,000 remain today, with many tightly held in museum collections. Fine contemporary paperweights are made by a limited number of studio artists and are sold either by the artist, or by a small group of specialty dealers.

History
The mid-to-late 1800s were sentimental and romantic times, heralded by an emerging middle class, resulting from the matured Industrial Revolution. Letter writing became a fad, and paperweights were sold in stationery stores as an attractive accessory to desk-sets of pens, inkwells, blotters, and fine stationery. The first glass paperweight was made in 1845 by Venetian glassmakers in response to the letter-writing fad. They could have been made 300 years earlier because the techniques were known, but paper was then a rare commodity and there was no need for a paperweight. They are the perfect example of form following function.
American made paperweights followed from 1851 into the late1880s, by the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, and the New England Glass Company — and more rarely by makers including Dorflinger, Mount Washington, Gillinder, and Whithall Tatum companies. Their glassmakers were mainly European immigrants already skilled in the craft, which explains why American weights are somewhat imitative of the European. What American weights may have lacked in quality, they more than made up for in creativity and ingenuity, which makes them even more charming to their collectors.
What does iCloud Keychain do?
When you enter a new password in Safari, you’ve probably seen iCloud Keychain ask if you would like it to save it for use across all your devices. So long as you are running iOS 7.0.3 or later or OS X Mavericks 10.9 or later, iCloud Keychain will store the following items securely in iCloud. Once secured in iCloud Keychain, you will be able to access all these items securely from any Apple system logged into your Apple ID.
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Safari website usernames and passwords
Credit card information
Wi-Fi network information
Ensure Mail, Contacts, Calendar and Messages are synced across all your devices
Protect, access and deploy your LinkedIn, Twitter and other Internet account logins and passwords.
How does iCloud Keychain work?
iCloud Keychain must be enabled on each device. Devices that are not enabled for the service will not be able to access the information it holds, so you’ll need to enter your passwords and other details manually.
How do I use iCloud Keychain in Safari?
When registering for a new website or service you will be asked to enter your information in the site’s registration fields. iCloud will populate these fields with things such as your name and telephone number. You will also be asked to create a password by entering your new password in the password field and the password confirmation field. When you tap your cursor in the first of these fields you will see a small item appear, tap this to use an iCloud supplied password. In practice, if you use your own password or one supplied by iCloud, it should be stored for later use by your iCloud Keychain.
How do I add credit card details to iCloud Keychain?
You can also add your credit card details to iCloud Keychain. You can choose to follow on-screen prompts to do so automatically as and when they appear, or enter these details manually as follows:
On a Mac: Open Safari’s AutoFill item in Preferences. Look for the Credit Cards item and tap Edit. In the next screen, you will be able to add and delete new cards. Tap Done.
On iOS: In Settings, open Safari>Autofill. Here you can choose to enable or disable Autofill of names and passwords, and as well as control what credit card information is held. Tap Saved Credit Cards, and you will be able to add or delete your stored credit card information. Tap Done.
The fabrication of the early spherical shells was limited to free forming of small hemispheres from thin acrylic sheets by compressed air. But even with all the limitations, the ocean engineering community saw the advantages acrylic offered to panoramic visibility.
Actual diving systems with the all-acrylic pressure hulls which demonstrated this potential were HIKINO, KUMUKAHI, and NUCOTE.
HIKINO was conceived in 1962 by the late Dr. William McLean and engineered by D.K. Moore of NOTS, China Lake. The two-person vehicle had the shape of a catamaran with the acrylic sphere suspended between the two hulls. The acrylic sphere itself was assembled from two free-formed hemispheres mated at the equator to a metallic joint ring.
The vehicle successfully demonstrated the design concept of panoramic visibility but because it was free formed from thin commercially available sheets, the design depth was only 20 feet. As a result of this severe limitation, it was subsequently used only as a concept demonstrator in a shallow swimming pool.
KUMUKAHI was conceived in 1967 by T.A. Pryor, engineered by Will Forman, fabricated by Fortin Plastics, and delivered to Oceanic Institute in Hawaii in September 1969. The submersible was configured as a self-propelled diving bell with the batteries and a variable displacement tank contained in a pod suspended directly under the sphere.

How to Determine the Appropriate Mobile or Handheld Metal Analyzer for On-the-Spot Metal Testing Tasks
For metal producers, processors, recyclers, contractors and others, continuous quality control plays a key role in establishing the identity and composition of various metals and alloys from initial melt to finished product or end use. Metals and alloys need to be accurately sorted, identified, and verified at each stage of the process to make certain they meet specific customer and/or industry requirements for physical and chemical composition.
For businesses that perform metal production, processing, recycling, or service contracting, an alloy mix-up at the shipping dock or on the factory floor risks an expensive, inconvenient batch rework or the possibility of a catastrophic loss of business. Fortunately, metal inspection has been made easy, accurate and affordable with the availability of portable, mobile optical emission spectroscopic (OES) metal analyzers and handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometers.
When it comes to metals specifications, the news is full of reports of mistakes, mismeasurements and other related scandals by a host of industries. It’s increasingly clear that quality-conscious organizations can’t afford to hand off responsibility for metals verification. The inspection of the metal makeup of incoming and outgoing components is a critical quality control (QC) task for companies worldwide.
While the focus of this article is on steels, non-ferrous alloy users are confronted with similar situations and are required to perform similar testing tasks. Some steel products are easy to analyze. For many suppliers and end users, testing with a handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or simple handheld optical emission spectrometry (OES) analyzer is adequate. Their size and relatively low initial costs have created great interest in these handheld analyzers, which produce fast results for on-the-spot alloy identification, grade sorting or verification.
In many cases, the presence or absence of an alloying element in a steel component is critical to its performance but impossible to detect by physically inspecting the item. Positive material identification (PMI) has become accepted practice for the process and equipment supply industries. The industry-standard approach for achieving efficient PMI is via elemental analysis of the materials.
Slag Analyzer presents a uniquely compact and reliable WDXRF platform configured with Thermo Scientific SmartGonio for analysis of slags and pig iron. This small but powerful instrument comes with factory installed calibration for slags using Jernkontoret standards. Its quick start-up, ease of use, and analytical flexibility provide unparalleled value for iron & steel laboratories.
? New: 500W equivalent analytical performance from 200W X-ray power
? 200W equivalent analytical performance from 50W X-ray power
? High precision, outstanding repeatability and stability to comply with slag analysis requirements
? Pre-calibrated turnkey solution for routine slag analysis
? Lowest cost of ownership thanks to low operating cost, highest reliability and minimal auxiliary equipment
? Optional Multichromators for faster analysis or better performance on selected elements
? Innovative UCCO technology combined with SmartGonio to achieve highest sensitivity
Oil Analysis Can Enhance Your Bottom Line
Oil analyzer offers many benefits. Through regular testing of lubricants, you can:
Enhance equipment life and reliability by ensuring proper lubrication and detecting issues such as excessive wear and contamination
Extend lubricant life by monitoring its condition and, when deemed necessary, treating or cleaning it, typically allowing for longer intervals between fluid changes
Reduce equipment downtime by spotting and correcting potential lubrication problems before they become serious issues
Seven Keys To Effective Oil Analysis
Follow these seven simple steps to help maximize the benefits of oil analysis:
Identify the equipment critical to your operational productivity. At the bare minimum, the lubricants in those components should be analyzed regularly. (Ideally, all lubricants in use at your facility should be tested regularly.)
Register the equipment with the lab. This will help the lab identify appropriate tests for your specific application. Registration also facilitates trending.
Use proper sampling procedures. Improper sampling may produce erroneous test results. Problems could be missed and go untreated, leading to costly problems later. Or conditions may be misdiagnosed, resulting in incorrect, unnecessary and money-wasting actions being taken to correct a nonexistent issue.
Provide complete and accurate information with each sample you submit to the lab. Missing or inaccurate information may lead to a misdiagnosis. Complete all fields on the submission form, including the specific lubricant in use, the component it services, the hours the oil has been in use, and more. Also ensure that the information is legible to help avoid misinterpretation.
Submit samples promptly to the laboratory for analysis. Although a delay inherently has virtually no effect on the sample itself, it does increase the potential for contamination. Also, the condition of the oil in use in the equipment will continue to change over time. The more time that passes between when the sample is taken and when it is analyzed, the less alike the sample will be to the fluid still flowing in the machine. Therefore, the results of the analysis will have less relevance.
Review and respond to test results appropriately. Promptly review the analysis documentation to determine what, if any, action is necessary.
Use oil analysis regularly, not just when you suspect a problem. As part of a preventive maintenance program, regular oil analysis establishes a baseline for monitoring the condition of your lubricants and the components in which they are used. Much like routine, periodic medical screenings, the regular collection of analysis data over time may help identify trends and spot potential complications in early stages, so that they can be corrected and not become big problems.
How do we measure static gel strength development?
Historically, the SGS of a cement slurry was determined by a method using a couette-type rotational viscometer. Today, more specialized instruments have been developed that allow the measurements to be done under conditions of high temperature and pressure.
API-10B6 was developed to establish the testing protocols to determine SGS by different mechanisms, including a rotating-type apparatus, an intermittent rotation-type apparatus and an ultrasonic-type apparatus (removed in the latest API adoption due to patents exclusivity).
Test method using rotating-type static gel strength apparatus
The apparatus contains a pressure chamber that can be heated and pressurized according to a simulated cement job schedule. The SGS is calculated from the torque required to rotate a paddle of known geometry at very low speed. The rotation speed of the paddle during the SGS measurement portion of the test is usually a continuous 0,2 r/min. The initial stirring to simulate placement in the well is typically conducted at 150 r/min.

Test method using intermittent rotation-type static gel strength apparatus
This apparatus works on the same principles/methods as the previous one with the sole difference that this it operates intermittently during the SGS testing phase at 0,01 r/min for 6s after a time interval adjustable between 1 min and 10 min. In general, an intermittent rotation every 3 min is used.

Test method using ultrasonic-type static gel strength apparatus
The instrument measures the static gel strength of API cement under high temperature and high-pressure conditions. The instrument is equipped with an internal processor board that sends and receives an ultrasonic pulse through the slurry, then performs post processing of the data to determine the static gel strength (SGS) versus time plot. Additionally, as an option, the instrument may be used to determine the compressive strength of the cement using the same algorithms and method found in a conventional Ultrasonic Cement Analyzer (UCA). This testing methodology was included in API10B6 original version but was later removed as it’s patent protected and exclusive to Chandler Ametek. The machine is known as Static Gel Strength Analyzer (SGSA).
Food security and why it matters
The global food security challenge is straightforward: by 2050, the world must feed 9 billion people. The demand for food will be 60% greater than it is today. The United Nations has set ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture as the second of its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the year 2030.
To achieve these objectives requires addressing a host of issues, from gender parity and ageing demographics to skills development and global warming. Agriculture sectors have to become more productive by adopting efficient business models and forging public-private partnerships. And they need to become sustainable by addressing greenhouse gas emissions, water use and waste. The risks: malnutrition, hunger and even conflict.
Why is food security such a major global challenge?
The obvious reason is that everybody needs food. But the complexity of delivering sufficient food to a national population and to the whole world’s population shows why food security is such a priority for all countries, whether developing or developed.
In short, this is a global challenge because it’s not just about food and feeding people but also about practically all aspects of an economy and society.