Lapping Machines are a type of precision finishing machine. Lapping is a loose abrasive machining process that differs from honing or grinding because the abrasive action comes not from a solid abrasive (like a grinding wheel) but from a slurry--abrasive particles mixed with oil or water. The slurry forms an abrasive film between the underlying lapping plate and the parts to be lapped. The part stock is gradually removed through the rolling and sliding action of the abrasive grains between the lapping wheel and the workpiece. The slurry, along with the removed stock, drains away from the table.
Lapping machines create truly flat surfaces--normally up to 0.001mm, with surface finishes of better than Ra.01. Overall, lapping produces extreme dimensional accuracy, corrects minor imperfections of shape, refines surface finish, and produces close fit between mating surfaces.
Lapping machines may be beneficial whenever absolute flatness, parallelism, or surface finish is essential. Since it is a loose abrasive process, irregularly-shaped or non-magnetic parts can be easily accommodated. Lapping removes stock quickly, with no clamping or heat distortion, no expensive tooling required, and virtually no maintenance. Inspection and production costs are also lower, since the machine can be run by semi-skilled operators. Parts can be run as easily in small batches as in production processes.

How does it work?
Flat Lapping Machines consist of 5 parts: the rotating table (called a lapping plate), several conditioning rings, the topweight, the slurry, and the machine itself.
The machine houses the controls, engine, coolant, filter, and other subsidiary components for proper operation of the mechanism.
The lapping plate is the only thing that is turned by the motor--the conditioning rings turn automatically as the plate itself turns. The plate is usually made of high-quality soft cast iron, though copper and other soft metals may also be used. It may be anywhere from 12 to 144 inches in diameter and feature spirals, cross-hatches, rings, or other shapes.
The conditioning rings function as the workholding device. These rings distribute the wear evenly across the lapping plate increasing its life, while also holding the workpiece in place. Special rings may be fitted for cylindrical or especially long pieces.
A top plate presses the pieces down in order to ensure abrasion occurs. These may be simple lids or mechanically operated piston-like covers.
A slurry made by combining various abrasive materials such as diamond or carbon with a liquid base like oil or water is fed between the lapping plate and the top plate, and distributed evenly across the surface by the plate's rotation. The tiny abrasives suspended in the liquid drag and tumble across the surface of the held pieces, grinding away at any micro-irregularities in the part's surface.

The Polishing Machine (also called the Buffing Machine) is used to polish soft metals including copper and brass as well as plastics such as perspex. The two ‘mops’ spin at high speed when the ‘on’ switch is pressed. If the material is carefully pressed against the mop and moved backwards and forwards it will be polished. The material must be filed to removed scratches and then wet and dry paper or emery cloth is used to further smooth the surfaces. Only then can it be polished on the buffing machine.


There are many types of involved equipment in the wire drawing machine industry, the common Wire Drawing Machine has a water tank type drawing machine, straight wiredrawing machine, the pulley type drawing machine, inverted vertical drawing machine, and so on. Drawing machine is mainly used in the processing of copper wire, stainless steel wire and other metal wire and cable materials, belonging to the important processing equipment in the cable manufacturing industry. Drawing: drawing process is the most important work segment for wire drawing machine. Different metal material, silk varieties and different requirements, will have different drawing process, the end of the article will detail the water tank draw machine and straight wire-drawing machine specific operation process; Wire: the take-up links work speed determines the whole drawing machinery production efficiency, is the most difficult control portion during the whole system. In the coiling part, the control technology are commonly used the synchronous control and tension control for realization of metal winding; Line: line of metal wire, for the whole wire drawing machine, the control has no high accuracy requirements, to the majority of wire drawing machine, the line operation is through the inverter to drive line frame to achieve, but there are also drawing mechanical parts of dual frequency conversion control, or even directly through the drawing wire tension wire link to drawing machine, to realize the free line.

Lapping is the removal of material to produce a smooth, flat, unpolished surface. Lapping processes are used to produce dimensionally accurate specimens to high tolerances (generally less than 2.5 µm uniformity). The lapping plate will rotate at a low speed (<80 rpm) and a mid-range abrasive particle (5-20µm) is typically used. Lapping Disc removes subsurface damage caused by sawing or grinding and produces the required thickness and flatness. Although the lapping process is less damaging than grinding, there are two regimes of lapping: free abrasive lapping and fixed abrasive lapping. Free Abrasive Lapping is when abrasive slurry is applied directly to a lapping plate (e.g. cast iron). This is perhaps the most accurate method for producing specimens and causes the least amount of damage. Free abrasive lapping is accurate because of the rigid lapping surface which can be tailored to suit a particular material. Fixed Abrasive Lapping is when an abrasive particle in bonded to a substrate as with abrasive lapping films and SiC papers. Abrasive lapping films have various particles bonded to a thin, uniform polyester substrate and are also capable of producing a very flat surface. SiC papers are much thicker than the film and create the potential for rounded edges on the sample.　　With the continuous development of inverter technology, frequency converter has been widely used in the industry of wire drawing machine, bear the drawing speed, tension coiler, multistage synchronous control etc, the application of frequency converter, have greatly improved the automation level and processing ability, effectively reduces the energy consumption per unit of equipment and maintenance costs, widely recognized by the industry.

Sanding sponges are sponge-like sanding tools used for sanding wood, drywall, and plastic. Sanding sponges are like sandpaper, but the abrasive material is attached directly to the foam of the sponge instead of a piece of paper.
What’s a Sanding Sponge?
Sponge Sands have been around for some time. We’ve all sanded with the traditional sheet of sandpaper. Sometimes, our hands get tired trying to apply the proper pressure to the paper.
This lead people to use something called a sanding block. Basically, the sanding block is used as a base, and the sandpaper is secured around the block, giving you an even pressure.
The sanding sponge is a combination between the sanding block and sandpaper. However, the two are not entirely interchangeable, as I will explain in later sections.

What is a Level Switch?
A Level Switch is an electrical or mechanical method for measuring the level of a liquid, powder, or granule material. It is designed to activate an alarm if the material level in a container passes a predetermined height or depth. When a level switch detects that a tank is full, it is referred to as full or upper limit detection. If the level of the material drops, indicating that the tank is nearly empty, the switch will also provide an alert, which is referred to as empty or low level detection.
Level switches are an essential part of production operations and are used in harsh conditions where there are extremes in temperature, pressure, and vibrations. The diversity of level switches makes them applicable to any conditions for measuring a wide array of products. Their accuracy, reliability, and durability are a necessity for the efficiency of industrial applications.


What is a Liquid Level Gauge?
A liquid Level Gauge, also known as a level indicator or sight glass, is a meter that is used to determine liquid level in a process tank, vessel or drum. A level gauge is simply a glass tube that gives a visual representation of the level of liquid that is in the vessel. While simple in their design, they are a very effective technology for a direct visual indication of process fluid level. There are many applications across the industry that require the monitoring of the liquid level and there are many different types of level indicators to fulfill these varying needs. In many situations the fluid is dangerous or the place in which the liquid is stored is of such a nature that it is manually impossible to find the level, making some sort of level indicator imperative.

Liquid Level Transmitters are used to monitor and regulate levels of a particular free-flowing substance within a contained space. These substances are usually liquid, however liquid level sensors can also be used to monitor solids, such as powders. There are many different types of liquid level sensors, and they have several uses, both industrial and in the household for example.
Liquid level sensors are widely used industrially. Cars use liquid level sensors to monitor a variety of liquids, including fuel, oil and occasionally also specialist fluids such as power steering fluid. Liquid level sensors can also be found in industrial storage tanks, for slurries, and water level sensors can even be found in household appliances such as coffee machines. Basic liquid level sensors can be used to identify the point at which a liquid falls below a minimum or rises above a maximum level. Many liquid level sensors can detail the specific amount of liquid in a container relative to the minimum/maximum levels, to provide a continuous measurement of volume.

A Flow Meter (or flow sensor) is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas. When choosing flowmeters, one should consider such intangible factors as familiarity of plant personnel, their experience with calibration and maintenance, spare parts availability, and mean time between failure history, etc., at the particular plant site. It is also recommended that the cost of the installation be computed only after taking these steps. One of the most common flow measurement mistakes is the reversal of this sequence: instead of selecting a sensor which will perform properly, an attempt is made to justify the use of a device because it is less expensive. Those "inexpensive" purchases can be the most costly installations. This page will help you better understand flow meters, but you can also speak to our application engineers at anytime if you have any special flow measurement challenges.

When left unmonitored, several of the gases emitted in research and industry can pose significant explosion, asphyxiation, or poisoning risks. The first line of defense against these invisible threats are Gas Detectors, but it can be challenging to understand which type of detector to employ for a specific application.
A wide range of gas detection hardware is available on the market, from portable single-gas detectors to fixed sensor arrays that can precisely monitor huge quantities of different gases at the same time (known as multi-gas or multi-component detectors).
Gas hazards can be generally categorized as either toxic, combustible, or asphyxiating (where the body is deprived of oxygen). Researching the possible gas hazards in a specific application is an integral part of ensuring the safety of personnel in wastewater treatment plants, petrochemical processing facilities, and a range of additional industries. After specific gas hazards have been determined in a particular environment and all potential measures have been put in place to reduce the risk of dangerous gas accumulation or gas leaks, companies must remain vigilant.
Both fixed and portable gas detectors are important life-saving devices that should be correctly used in any environment that may pose a gas risk.

A Pressure Transmitter is a mechanical device that measures the expansive force of a liquid or gaseous sample.
Also known as a pressure transducer, this type of sensor is typically composed of a pressure sensitive surface area made of steel, silicon, or other materials depending upon the analyte’s composition. Behind these surfaces are electronic components capable of converting the applied force of the sample upon the pressure sensor into an electrical signal.
Pressure is generally measured as a quantity of force per unit of surface area, and is expressed as the value required to stop a liquid, gas, or vapor from expanding. Various derived units are used to quantify pressure, including:

• As a proportion of / relation to a pascal (Pa), or a single newton per square meter (1 N/m2);
  
• A value of pounds per square inch (psi).
  

Uses of Battery Cell include providing backup power during a power outage. At home, the batteries are typically wired to electrical appliances. If the power goes down, these appliances still receive power. For example, many customers have energy rates that change based on the time of the day. Batteries can help these customers manage their energy by storing energy during low-cost times and discharging energy during high-cost times. Batteries can store energy from solar and wind and discharge it when it is needed the most. In this article, let us study the applications and uses of batteries.

Applications of Batteries
Batteries are small essential components to operate many devices. It is one of the key components in our day-to-day life. Wheels Battery is a rechargeable battery and is used in each and every sector. Below are some of the applications of batteries.

• House
  
• Health Instruments
  
• Medical
  
• Logistics and construction
  
• Firefighting and Emergency
  
• Military
  

• Battery Use in Home
  

• Battery Use in Health Instruments
  

• Battery Use in Medical Sector
  

• Battery Uses in Logistics and Construction
  

• Battery Use in Firefighting and Emergency Response
  

• Batteries Uses in Military Operations
  

• Batteries Use in Vehicle
  

Amidst all the hubbub about tackling global warming and cultivating green energy, one subject receives little coverage: streetlights. While an important public service, streetlights are expensive to maintain and taken together, suck down a lot of energy. So when a city like Los Angeles announces that it's converting 140,000 streetlights to light emitting diodes or LEDs, and Pittsburgh states that it's considering doing the same with 40,000 lights, it's time to take notice.
LEDs are gaining traction as a great alternative to traditional lighting because they are relatively environmentally friendly, don't consume much electricity and have long life spans. They last so long -- 14 years or more in some cases -- that they can be considered "semi-permanent"
In the past, LED lights had been seen in devices like indicator lights in appliances, calculators or in large sports scoreboards. But now, many large cities around the world -- Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto and Tianjin, China, to name a few -- are now switching to LED Street Light. Portugal is in the midst of a massive conversion program that is expected to encompass all of its streetlights.

Advantage of LED Streetlights
Chief among the advantages of LEDs is that they have extremely long lives -- they don't have filaments that can quickly burn out -- and they don't contain toxic chemicals like mercury, unlike traditional high-pressure sodium lamps or mercury-vapor lamps. An LED light can last 100,000 hours. These lights also have reduced maintenance costs because of their long lives, and they give off less heat than other bulbs. Because they last so long, LEDs are suitable for places where replacing light bulbs is expensive, inconvenient or otherwise difficult.
LEDs are highly energy efficient. While compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) recently have been touted as the standard in green lighting, LEDs actually have double their energy efficiency. They use 15 percent of the energy of an incandescent bulb while generating more light per watt. LEDs produce 80 lumens per watt; traditional streetlights can only muster 58 lumens per watt.
Because of their energy efficiency and long lifespan, LED Module Street Light is advocated as a means for reducing carbon emissions. According to one estimate, converting all American light fixtures to LEDs would halve the amount of energy used for lighting in the country. By integrating solar panels, the lights can become self-sufficient and even send excess energy back to the grid, with the adoption of so-called "smart" energy grids.

Solar Street Lights are powered by photovoltaic panels, meaning they produce clean and sustainable energy. When choosing to rely on solar energy for public lighting projects, local authorities can effectively reduce their energy consumption as well as their carbon footprint. By doing so, they limit their environmental impact and play an active part in the energy transition, in line with national and global energy policies.
But there’s more to it. Adopting solar lighting solutions helps preserve biodiversity in areas that are the most sensitive to light pollution. Solar street lighting systems adjust the intensity of the light over the course of the night through the use of dynamic lighting profiles, making street Lighting Pole more respectful of living ecosystems – especially birds, whose migratory behaviour is strongly affected by light pollution.
More generally, it’s important to consider the key role played by lighting in the creation and flourishing of communities. Quality solar lighting offers citizens a better experience of the city. It helps improve the readability of public space, thus making it more accessible and welcoming. It acts as a driver of social cohesion, strengthening the ties and interaction between individuals, while allowing them to carry on their social and recreational activities throughout the evening.
Installing All in One Solar Street Lights provides an opportunity to extend parks night-time opening hours or promote access to outdoor sports facilities. In addition to encouraging people to visit public places after dark, it also improves their safety. On rural roads or cycling paths, the presence of solar lighting solutions helps promote better traffic flow and reduces accidents.

Cities face major challenges: demographic growth, urban concentration, mobility, the evolution of citizens’ needs... To meet these, public stakeholders need technological innovations they can trust and rely on to rethink and transform the existing public space, with the aim to make cities smart and sustainable.
At the heart of smart cities, street furniture is undergoing digital transformation to be able to generate information. This is the case for solar-powered Garden Lights, which are evolving to integrate and power various communication equipment and intelligent applications (billboards, interactive terminals, advertising displays, Wi-Fi hotspots…). An example of this is our RISE-On range, a smart solar engine that powers all outdoor electrical equipment in cities.
While access to electricity is growing globally, more than 11% of the world's population still lives off-grid, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). This figure rises to 46% in Africa, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa where nearly 600 million people live without access to electricity. Providing off-grid populations with access to energy plays a crucial role in accelerating their economic development, reducing inequalities and improving their security, in addition to having a positive impact on education and schooling.
Deploying solar Flood Lights on a city’s main roads, streets and in other public places makes them easier to access, supports businesses and improves social ties. Additionally, in more isolated areas, these lighting solutions help reduce insecurity, theft and assaults. They have a particularly strong impact in sensitive areas such as refugee camps, where the lack of lighting leads to serious crime. Replacing oil or kerosene lighting systems with solar-powered solutions also helps create a healthier environment that improves the health and well-being of the community.

Once installed mainly as a type of economy flooring, Laminate Flooring still firmly holds its place as inexpensive, functional flooring. But they have even moved into higher-end homes that once would have installed nothing but solid hardwood or engineered wood flooring. Laminate floors look better, perform better, and feel better underfoot than ever before. All of this popularity may beg the question: What are laminate floors in the first place?

Basics of Laminate Floors
Laminate floors are a hybrid floor covering consisting of a particleboard wood base topped by an image layer and a transparent wear layer. Laminate floors are a popular type of floor covering for homes' living areas, kitchens, dining areas, bedrooms, hallways, and other areas that are not subject to excessive moisture. HDF Laminate Flooring was invented in 1977 by the Swedish company Perstorp. This firm landed on the idea of using up waste wood projects by subjecting those products to intensely high pressure, heat, and binding chemicals, then turning the result into usable floor coverings. Since that time, many other manufacturers such as Dupont, Mannington, Armstrong, and Shaw now make laminate floors.

Laminate Floor Materials
Laminate floors are sometimes called laminate wood floors, though they are wood only in two respects. First, the laminate floor base consists of pressed chipped wood particles. Second, the top has the appearance of real wood due to the accurate image layer—essentially a well-rendered photograph of wood encased in a clear, durable wear layer.
Aggregated wood particles are subjected to high pressure to form sheets. These sheets have a photorealistic image of wood or stone added to the top, and this image is covered with a wear layer. The wear layer, a durable, thin, clear plastic sheet, is the linchpin between the delicate lower layers and exterior elements such as moisture, UV rays, and scratching.

• Wear Layer: MDF Laminate Flooring is a surface layer of two thin sheets of paper impregnated with melamine. This top-most surface layer is a hard transparent type of plastic sheet that is impervious to dogs, chairs, high heels, and other common damaging elements.
  
  
• Image Layer: Even when viewed close-up laminate flooring can look realistic. This is due to the laminate's photographic-quality image of real wood underneath the wear layer.
  
  
• Base Layer (Core): Under the wood-grain photograph is about a half-inch of wood-chip composite. Any type of wood chip product is inherently susceptible to water damage. Laminate flooring's base is considered to be dimensionally stable, but only to a certain degree. It will stand up against some water, but only if this water is quickly removed.
  

What’s the problem?
The sad reality is that 85% of hangers end their life in landfill. In the US, everyday over 15.5 million plastic, wood and wire hangers are thrown away, resulting in 8 billions every year. In the UK 100 million Plastic Hangers are discarded each year. So, what is the industry doing about it?
Brands are starting to get to grips with this challenge and are looking at ways of replacing hangers, particularly those pesky plastic ‘garments on hangers’ otherwise known as GOH (garments transported on hangers from factory to store) that are made from plastic and represent a huge part of the overall volume of hangers discarded each year.
Made predominantly from expanded polystyrene, or polycarbonate, plastic hangers not only depend on fossil fuels for their raw material and production but take an estimated 800-1,000 years to breakdown. They also leach nasty chemicals including carcinogenic benzene, found in polystyrene and Bisphenol-A, a hormone disrupter, into groundwater. They can also cause havoc for wildlife; with animals getting hangers caught around their necks, legs and wings.

Plastic waste is pants
Removing hangers should always be the first step. Does underwear need to come on Plastic Clothes Hangers? Customers don’t think so, going by some tweets that made the headlines in the UK. After receiving underwear in the post from British retailer Marks & Spencer, one customer exclaimed “What on earth is anyone supposed to do with these?” while another said “Just had some undies delivered and each one came on an unnecessary, plastic, individual hanger. Lovely items, but when will you stop this wasteful practice?”.

For a long time, most (if not all) cutting boards were made of wood. But at some point people began using plastic cutting boards. The idea was that they were easier to clean (and sanitize), and therefore were safer.
But in the late 1980s, a UC Davis researcher named Dean Cliver – the de facto godfather of cutting board food safety – decided to investigate whether plastic cutting boards really were safer. Answer: not really.
Plastic Chopping Boards, Cliver found, are easier to sanitize. But cutting on them also leaves lots of grooves where bacteria can hide. Wood is tougher to sanitize, but it’s also (often) tougher in general – you won’t find as many deep scratches in the surface.
In addition, researchers have discovered that the type of wood your cutting board is made from also makes a difference.
“Hardwoods, like maple, are fine-grained, and the capillary action of those grains pulls down fluid, trapping the bacteria – which are killed off as the board dries after cleaning,” says Ben Chapman, a food safety researcher at NC State. “Soft woods, like cypress, are less likely to dull the edge of your knife, but also pose a greater food safety risk,” Chapman explains. “That’s because they have larger grains, which allows the wood to split apart more easily, forming grooves where bacteria can thrive.”

Portable Plastic Drying Racks are a great option for small apartments and homes where there is no outdoor space to air-dry clothing items. As Air drying is one of the safest techniques for drying most clothes, a drying rack is a must in every home. These racks come in a variety of shapes and sizes along with folding and expanding mechanisms that make them truly versatile. Depending on personal preference, users also choose the materials of the rack as designs are available in wood, steel, aluminium, plastic and acrylic. For outdoor drying like a palcony, materials that can withstand the scorching sun for a long time are preferable. For drying clothing y oors, plastic and acrylic racks would work too. For burchasing the perfect drying rack for your home, consider the number of clothing you will be drying at once. For a heavy load, sturdy design is a must. Residents living in space crunched apartments can opt for a wall-mounted design that serves the ourpose without hogging floor space.

Plastic Preservation Boxes can be used for the storing of a wide array of different items, and storing clothing and other important items in plastic storage containers is a good way to prevent them from being exposed to mildew and moisture. If any moisture gets into a plastic storage container prior to sealing it closed, however, then mildew can grow and thrive without you being any the wiser. In this article we will outline a few simple steps that will help prevent mildew from growing in your plastic Food Storage boxes.
It is extremely important to make sure that your items are clean and dry before storing them away. Any dirt left on your belongings can easily cause scratches if left on for too long. Clothing and upholstery that get put in storage while damp can attract mould and moisture, and metals and woodwork can rust or rot. Properly cleaning and drying all of your items before storing them will prevent this from happening.

Melamine is a nitrogen-based compound used by many manufacturers to create a number of products, especially plastic dishware. While melamine is widely found in many items, some people have raised safety concerns that the compound could be toxic.
Is it safe? The short answer is yes, it’s safe. When manufacturers create plasticware with melamine, they use high heat to mold the substances. While the heat uses up most of the melamine compounds, a small amount does usually remain in the Plastic Dinner Plates, cup, utensils or more. If melamine gets too hot, it can start to melt and potentially leak into food and drink products.

Fluoroplastics may not be widely known, but in many ways, they are the superheroes of the plastics industry, and incredibly strong.
What are fluoroplastics?
A normal plastic polythene molecule consists of a carbon chain with hydrogen atoms attached. Yet in fluoroplastics, hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms, which dramatically changes their properties.
PTFE, FEP, PFA and other fluoropolymers have non-stick characteristics, very high resistance to chemicals and solvents, very high electrical resistance, and incredibly, are ideal for use in very low and very high working temperatures from -200°C right up to +260°C.
By adding extra fillers to the mix, such as carbon, graphite, anti-static and ceramic, it is possible to boost these exceptional properties even further! Find out more about our Fluoroplastic Tubes.

Fluoroplastic applications
Typically, fluoroplastics do not melt, so they need to be processed using special tooling and techniques. But once this is done, there are many different industries that PTFE, FEP and PFA can be used into great effect.
Being able to function in extremely high temperatures and non-corrosive to all acids, fluoropolymers are often used to make gaskets, vessel linings, pump interiors, washers, rings, seals, spacers, dip tubes and well-drilling components.
Fluoroplastic Films are well used in heated processes within manufacturing and laboratory test environments. In electrics, they are used as excellent insulators for wire and cable wrapping. Being inert, they can be used for chip manufacturing and encapsulating heaters.
Their non-toxic, completely smooth surface means that they are also often used in the medical and pharmaceutical, food and drink, and cosmetics industries, as microbes just cannot gain a foothold.

Silicone Rubber comes in a variety of forms, adhesives, sealants, moulding rubbers for reproduction, encapsulants and potting compounds for electronics and coatings.
Silicone polymers are usually flowable liquids which are cured to form a flexible silicone elastomer or rubber. Additives provide additional characteristics such as adhesion, colour, thermal conductivity to mention a few. Silicone rubber is especially resistant to high temperatures and attack from moisture or chemicals.
As silicone sealants they are widely used in the construction industry with excellent adhesion to glass and ceramics and plastics.
In electronics they are used as adhesives, encapsulants and coatings providing high temperature resistance and being increasingly used for thermal transfer in high power or heat generating applications.

What is Viton?
Viton Rubber is a brand name of DuPont for its synthetic rubber and fluoropolymer elastomer, commonly used in O-rings and other molded or extruded products. This family of elastomers comprises copolymers of terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2), vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) as well as perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE) containing specialty polymers. DuPont were the first to really market this family of materials, so Viton has become the most commonly associated name with this fluoropolymer family. There are four families of Viton polymers, and the fluorine content of these most popular Viton grades varies between 66 and 70%. The main grades are A (Dipolymers of VF2/HFP), which has a fluorine content of 66%; B (Terpolymers of VF2/HFP/TFE), which commonly used for seals or gaskets and contains 68% fluorine; F (Terpolymers of VF2/HFP/TFE), which is used in oxygenated automotive fuels and has 70% fluorine content; and finally specialty types (such as GLT, GBLT, GFLT & Viton Extreme), which are used in automotive and oil exploration applications.

Silicone Sponge Products have swept into kitchens but what’s so great about them and should you buy a silicone sponge?
If you ever get fed up with the smell of your kitchen sponge, you should probably get rid of it. But that’s only a temporary fix because your sponge is eventually going to smell at some point. So how do you get a sponge that won’t smell? One popular solution is a silicon sponge.
Does a Silicone Sponge Work With Dishes?
A silicone sponge is not porous, like a typical sponge, so it’s less susceptible to bacteria taking root. Bacteria makes sponges smell so a silicone sponge eliminates that problem.
Benefits of a Silicone Sponge
Silicone sponges get touted as being environmentally friendly because they reduce the consumption of cellulose sponges and will last far longer. Plus, you can wash the sponge in your dishwasher and it won’t scratch your pots and pans. A silicone sponge is also great for other things like picking up lint and pet hair.

Sponge rubber can be designed to be open cell or closed cell, but is most commonly used as closed cell and is also known as expanded rubber. Inside a piece of sponge rubber, there are enclosed capsules, or cells, that do not connect with each other. They look very similar to the “bubbles” in a piece of extremely dense foam.
These cell walls are useful for preventing water, air, and to some extent sound from passing through the material. Closed cell sponge rubber can be modified to embody various products necessary to make it suitable for a specific application.
Closed cell EPDM Sponge Products offer great ozone resistance and stand up well to adverse weather conditions. However, it is vulnerable to certain fuels and oils and may fall short of UL flame ratings unless a suitable additive is added to improve its flame-retardant qualities.
Closed cell silicone sponge rubber is stable at both high and low-temperature extremes. It’s characteristically less flame-resistant than many other closed cell sponge rubbers but does offer excellent sunlight and ozone degradation resistance.
Neoprene Sponge Products are designed to be more flame resistant than many of their counterparts. It can withstand intermittent exposure to temperatures of up to approximately 90°C, and with careful compound manipulation can resist light oil contact, acids, alkalis, and ozone damage.
These are by no means the only types of closed cell sponge rubber, but they are certainly some of the most common.

What is Plastic Tubing?
Plastic tubing is a form of tubing that is manufactured from a mixture of a polymer with a variety of chemicals to form a material that can be solid or flexible. Since its first use in the 1950‘s, Plastic Tube has revolutionized industrial processes and has found a use in a wide variety of applications.
The popularity of plastic tubing is due to its adaptability and flexibility. It is produced in a wide variety of wall thickness, diameter, tolerance, and strength using a combination of materials to specifically fit a variety of applications.
Applications for Plastic Tubing
The flexibility, durability, and adaptability of plastic tubing makes it applicable for industrial applications that require long wear and endurance as well as commercial use in consumer products and homes. The main benefit of plastic over steel, aluminum, or other materials is its consistent strength and cost effectiveness since it is far less expensive to produce.

What are the differences between nitrile vs vinyl gloves? Which is better for what purposes?
While nitrile gloves are generally more expensive than vinyl gloves, they offer a number of advantages over vinyl. When choosing disposable gloves, the main issue to consider is which ones are appropriate for the task at hand.
The purpose of this guide is not to give you a definitive answer on which type of glove is better. Rather, it will provide information about nitrile and vinyl gloves that allow you to make your own decision based on your needs.
What are Nitrile Gloves?
Nitrile is a synthetic rubber that offers flexibility, long-life durability, and chemical resistance. Nitrile is a synthetic elastomer designed to be moisture resistant. Disposable nitrile gloves are flexible and durable making them ideal for industrial tasks, the food industry, and health care applications. They are also great for most medical environments.
What are Nitrile Gloves Made From?
Nitrile Gloves are made from synthetic rubber called acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. This material provides users with heightened tactile sensitivity, allowing you to pick up small items such as screws and needles more accurately. They are also more puncture resistant.
The disposable glove materials were first developed to solve the common problems of allergic reactions to natural rubber latex gloves and low protection against solvents. They are the most popular glove materials used in many industries and the ideal alternative to disposable latex gloves.
What are Nitrile Gloves Used For?
Nitrile gloves are used for a variety of industrial, domestic, and healthcare purposes. Nitrile gloves are the popular choice for health care workers, dentistry, beauty shop owners, healthcare providers, laboratory work, food handling, chemical handling, and general industrial tasks.
Nitrile protective gloves can also be found in the automotive industry and janitorial industry. Nitrile was found to be more durable than vinyl when performing gripping tasks with power tools and picking up tools like wrenches and screwdrivers.

What are Vinyl Gloves?
Vinyl Gloves are also made of a synthetic polymer but are often less thick and, as a result, less durable. Vinyl is great for non-hazardous situations but does not have the flexibility of nitrile.
What are Vinyl Gloves Made From?
Vinyl gloves are made from a blend of synthetic rubber, plasticizers, and additives called PVC. They were also developed as a great option for those suffering from latex allergies.
What are Vinyl Gloves Used For?
Vinyl gloves are frequently used for food handling, food preparation, low-risk health care applications, light clean-up jobs, and repetitive assembly line or manufacturing tasks. These products are commonly used in non-hazardous situations and low-risk infection environments because of the low level of protection offered. They work great for the food and beverage industry.

For decades, latex gloves were the king of the disposable glove industry. These days, though, as latex allergies are increasingly common, latex products have a more niche application. Either way, the material remains well-suited to handling certain jobs--and ill-suited to others.
Not sure whether latex gloves are the right fit? Here’s a look at what latex gloves are used for.
What are Latex Gloves?
You might be surprised to learn that the materials behind Latex Rubber Gloves are naturally occurring. In fact, while dip-molded latex might lead you to believe these are purely synthetic gloves, latex is actually a naturally occurring plant material.
Basically, latex is any polymer in a water-based or viscous form. Natural latex, or natural rubber latex, is derived from the rubber plant Hevea brasiliensis and is a complex emulsion of proteins, sugars, oils, starches, tannins, alkaloids, resins, and gums that coagulate when exposed to the air.
We transition from the rubber plant to commercial latex by taking fresh latex and transforming it through a process of blending, coagulation, and drying.
What are Disposable Latex Gloves Used For?
Latex gloves have long been popular power players among disposable gloves, whether they’re powdered latex gloves or powder-free gloves. These days, workplaces are more conscious of latex allergies.
Even so, latex remains a popular glove material for its comfort, stretchiness, and tactile sensitivity. This makes latex a popular compound among a specific population: the medical industry.
In terms of medical gloves--especially surgical gloves--few materials can match the dexterity and tactile sensitivity of a latex glove. This is incredibly important for work requiring extreme precision, such as surgery. That said, even regular physicians remain frequent users of latex gloves. Even a regular physical exam needs tactile sensitivity, and on that front, latex gloves are hard to beat.
Latex is also quite popular among workers who need frequent glove changes, whether that’s the healthcare industry or elsewhere. In many cases, you would need powdered gloves to provide the same comfort level as latex powder-free gloves.

POLYETHYLENE GLOVES are our most economical glove. PE Products are most often used for light duty tasks that require frequent glove changes. This glove has a loose fit design for easy on and off applications, and is especially useful in food service lines, deli counters, and other high volume applications. Our clear PE Gloves are available in high density, low density, cast poly, and a new stretch hybrid version that is also available in blue. All PE gloves sold by The Safety Zone are powder free and non-medical as well. All Poly Gloves are 100% Phthalate Free, 100% Latex Free and 100% Silicone Free.

Non Woven Shoe Covers are the newest environmentally friendly material, anti-slip and anti-static, and are loved by customers. The most important feature of disposable shoe covers is that they are easy to use and can be used in a wide range of applications, saving you the trouble of taking off your shoes.
Disposable shoe covers save you the trouble of taking off your shoes and achieving a non-polluting environment. Non-woven disposable shoe covers are made of the latest environmentally friendly materials and are naturally biodegradable.

If you’re interested in a greener aesthetic for your interiors and exteriors, then Artificial Plants have a lot to offer. Thanks to advances in design and finish it is often difficult to distinguish between an artificial plant and the real thing today. As a result, there is no compromise when it comes to appearance and feels and this provides many more options where greenery and plants are concerned. If you’re looking to bring the advantages of plants to your surroundings then there are five key benefits to the artificial option.

1. A MORE COST EFFECTIVE APPROACH
Real plants inevitably come with a larger cost attached. Some may be cheaper to buy up front but will require ongoing tending to that always comes with a price tag. Real plants die and need to be replaced and may require increasingly bigger pots as they grow. Plus, a real plant may arrive as a seedling that takes years to reach its full height to have the impact that you want. Artificial Trees arrive fully mature with only the up front cost to pay.

2. CONSIDERABLY REDUCED MAINTENANCE
As well as the ongoing tending that real plants require – pruning, watering, fertilisers etc – the plant may also need to be moved to ensure adequate sunlight, water or draining. Changes in temperature could be problematic and you may periodically need a specialist to come in and tend to your plants. Artificial Grasses are very different – you have a low quality product then you may have to move them occasionally to stop fade but other than that it’s really only necessary to wipe the leaves down occasionally if they start to gather dust.

3. GET EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT
If you don’t have the right environment or space for the plants that you’re looking for then you may find your options severely restricted with real greenery. Tropical blooms, for example, may need sunlight or a humid atmosphere that you just can’t provide. This isn’t the case with artificial plants – you can create exactly the aesthetic you want with no limitations. Plus, the range of Artificial Vines is so broad today that you’ll have a huge amount of choice when it comes to your options.

4. ENJOY WELLBEING BENEFITS
Real plants do often provide filtration when it comes to the air that we breathe and artificial plants won’t do that. However, research has found that in terms of wellbeing benefits such as improving mood and morale, as well as productivity and focus, Artificial Leaf Vines really work.

5. AVOIDING ISSUES WITH ALLERGIES
Real plants can be the source of a lot of issues for humans sharing the same space. For example, they can trigger allergies and may even be responsible for poisoning if they are touched or consumed by children or pets. Artificial Hanging Plants don’t come with any of these problems and there’s no need to worry about pollen, which is the source of allergies for 12+ million people in the UK alone.
There are some obvious benefits to opting for artificial plants. From variety to cost effectiveness they win every time.

Gone are the days when live plants were the norm. Today, artificial plants are making their way into indoor and outdoor spaces. Homeowners can opt for plastic or silk plants that are designed, shaped and painted to look and feel like the real thing. If you are looking for durable, low-maintenance plants, then faux trees and flowers are the best choices. They have many benefits compared to natural plants, and some of the advantages are listed below.

6. Low Maintenance
Artificial plants (Including artificial outdoor plants) require no sunlight, watering, pruning, and addition of fertilizers, thus you can have beutiful plants without the need for lots of maintenance. You can dust them every 3 to 4 months and they last for many years. The faux plants that Pacific Silkscapes provides are extremely easy to maintain and look after. While real plants need regular sunlight to grow in a healthy manner, Artificial Bonsai do not require regular exposure to sunlight. No need for fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides. You won’t have root rot or growth problems. There is no need for soil. You won’t require interior sunlight or temperature control. They do not shed their leaves seasonally. No more worrying about water and chemical damage to your carpet.

7. Security
If your building is a bank or government facility, you don’t need to have someone coming to the water and maintain the plants. In addition, with Covid-19, there’s less exposure to outsiders spreading the virus.

8. No seasonal changes
Live plants seasonally shed their flowers and leaves and change their appearance. Artificial Potted Cactus are not affected by changes in seasons. Do they always stay great looking, even with very little care.

9. Bring the outdoors inside
High quality realistic artificial plants and trees add “life” to a room. They have a calming effect and studies have shown that they improve productivity in the workplace.

10. Rearrange with Ease
Since artificial plants don’t grow or require water, that also means they don’t have to be planted in natural soil. Additionally, they won’t be “shocked” by being relocated, unlike live plants. Often, Indoor Artificial Trees are supported by materials like foam, making them more lightweight and easy to rearrange. All you need to do is pick the artificial plant up along with its supporting base and choose a new location.

11. Large selection
It doesn’t matter what your plant preferences are, Pacific Silkscapes has a wide range of landscaping products for you to choose from. At Pacific Silkscapes, we custom design artificial trees and awesome silk flower arrangements. You can choose from almost any kind of foliage you could think of for a custom-designed tree, floor plant, or silk flower arrangement. Tell us what size you need, what spray to use for the trees or flowers for the arrangement, and let us create magic. We aim to create your perfect tree.

12. Cost-Effective and you get a return on investment
Another reason why you should consider installing Artificial Leaf Vines in your home or office space is that these silk plants may look upscale and expensive, but they are surprisingly affordable. Perfect for reducing maintenance costs. The faux silk plants are competitively priced. Unlike live plants, indoor and outdoor artificial plants do not require additional money in fertilizers or in hiring a professional landscaper for maintenance and care. So, if you’re looking to decorate your corporate office, restaurant, casino or assisted living facility to consider an artificial silk plant landscape from Pacific Silkscapes. Check out our post on converting live plants to silk plants.

Newborns are best protected when travelling by a Newborn Baby Car Seat approved from birth (Group 0), that is specifically designed for the unique and delicate postural needs of a newborn, with adequate recline and padding.
Using an infant car seat is the first step towards keeping your baby safe in the car. Correctly installing it and strapping your baby in securely is equally important. Even if you buy the safest possible car seat for your baby, if it's not fitted or used correctly, it won't be able to perform as it was designed in a crash.
The first time that you buckle your baby into the Group 0+ Car Seat will be when you are being discharged home from hospital. Read our guide below so that you are well prepared for your baby’s first journey home.
Here are some important facts and steps to ensure you keep your baby as safe as possible while travelling in the car.

1. READ THE MANUAL
The best way to ensure that you use your car seat correctly is to read the manual! The manual contains vital information that you need to be aware of in order for the car seat to perform optimally in a crash. The manual will advise where the car seat may be installed in the car and it will instruct you on how to install it correctly. It will also tell you how to adjust the car seat to fit your baby properly. Do not improvise or go against anything stated in the manual. Most European manufacturers do not allow any kind of adjustments or additions such as using a pool noodle to recline it, so be careful not to do anything that is not explicitly stated in the manual.

2. INSTALL THE CAR SEAT CORRECTLY
All European car seats must have 3 points of contact with the seatbelt or vehicle anchors. The Toddler Car Seat can either be installed with the vehicle's 3-point seatbelt, or with isofix. ALWAYS read your particular car seat's manual before installing the car seat.
a) SECURING THE CAR SEAT TO THE VEHICLE
Correct installation of an infant seat used without a base:
When installing an infant car seat without a base, using only the seatbelt, the seatbelt makes a snake-like pattern once routed correctly called Serpentine Routing.
Place the car seat on the vehicle bench with the baby facing backwards. You will see blue seatbelt guides on the car seat; 2 over the front of the seat and 1 at the back of the seat. Route the lapbelt of the seatbelt through the 2 seatbelt guides in the front of the seat i.e. where the baby’s legs/lap would go. Buckle the seatbelt in.
Pull the seatbelt nice and tight, then route the shoulder belt around the back of the car seat and through the blue seatbelt guide at the back of the Toddler Car Seat Group 0+1+2+3, making sure there are no twists in the seatbelt. Pull out any slack in the seatbelt to get it in securely. You can watch our video HERE on how to install a car seat using the seatbelt.
Correct installation of an infant seat with an ISOfix base: Attach the 2 ISOfix anchors to the vehicles ISOfix brackets and make sure the indicators turn green. Push the base into the vehicle backrest to tighten it. Drop the load leg until it makes full contact with the floor and the indicator turns green. Click the car seat onto the base and check that the indicator turns green. If you are using an ISOfix base, you should not use the seatbelt as well.

For an infant seat being used with a belted base:
Route the seatbelt through the base as indicated by the manual. If a load leg is present, lower it until it makes full contact with the floor. Check that all indicators are green.
*Note that load legs may not be installed over underfloor storage compartments. Contact your vehicle dealership to order an approved filler, if you have underfloor storage compartments. Alternatively, buy a car seat without a load leg.

3. PUT THE HANDLE BAR IN THE UPRIGHT POSITION.
The handle bar acts as a rollbar in a crash, and prevents the Toddler Car Seat Group 0+1 hitting into the backrest of the car. Check your manual for the correct position it should be in.

4. RECLINE ANGLE
Infants have poor head control and are at risk of positional asphyxiation if their car seat is too upright. The correct recline angle for a baby without head control is approximately 45 degrees. If your car seat is too upright, you can try installing it without the base (if you are using one) to get a more reclined position.
If the car seat is still too upright, some manufacturers permit you to tilt the Child Car Seat backward very slightly after the seatbelt has been tightened around it first. But please check this with your manufacturer before doing this.

5. CHECKING FOR MOVEMENT
Up to 1 inch (2.5cm) of movement is permitted. You can check this by giving the car seat a firm shake at the belt path or near the ISOfix points with your non-dominant hand. Do not be alarmed if it moves more at the headrest. Group 1+2+3 Car Seats will move more at the top of the car seat, but they should not move more than an inch at the belt path/ISOfix points.

6. ADJUSTING THE HARNESS AND HEADREST
Please refer to your manual for instructions on how to adjust the headrest and harness to the correct height. For rear facing car seats, the harness must be at or just below the shoulders. The bottom of the headrest should usually be in line with the bottom of the baby’s ears, and the head should be less than an inch below the top of the headrest.